Psychopathology

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Psychopathology Review

• extra credit due the last day of class. I wont
  be there but turn it in to barbara or any one of
  the tas.

9.00 Intro Psych T.Konkle 9 May 2007
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Agenda

1. turn back papers
2. shout outs
3. quiz
4. main points of the psychopathology lectures
5. some reconsolidation with the right intentions

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shout outs
Quiz scorers all quiz scores that were OVER 100
PERCENT, all scores that were 99, excluding
quizzes that happened on absent days
Attendance no absences for the course of the
semester, not even excused ones.
Katherine Boothe
Abraham Rosenfeld
Matthew Serna
Erica Young

Joseph Wallins
Mariya Gusman
Ken Warnock
Julia Alvarez
Katherine Boothe
Tracey Liu
Trey Reyher
Abraham Rosenfeld
Jennifer Sim
Joseph Wallins
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quiz
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Psychopathology
mood or affective disorders, anxiety disorders,
psychotic disorders, eating disorders,
developmental disorders, personality disorders,
and many other categories
the study of mental illness
The DSM has also been criticized for allegedly
classifying behaviors that are simply
unacceptable in the society of that time such as
homosexuality (listed in the DSM until 1974).23
Furthermore the potential of conflict of interest
has also been questioned. Roughly 50 of the
authors who previously defined psychiatric
disorders have had or have relations with drug
companies.24
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statis
tical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders
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Thinking about mental disorders

• Question Is it right to think of these as
  disease? Why or why not?

but consider female hysteria Female hysteria
was an incorrectly diagnosed medical condition in
Western medicine that is not currently
acknowledged by the medical community. It was a
popular diagnosis in the Victorian era for a wide
array of symptoms including faintness,
nervousness, insomnia, fluid retention, heaviness
in abdomen, muscle spasm, shortness of breath,
irritability, loss of appetite for food or sex,
and a "tendency to cause trouble"
take diabetes Diabetes results from lack of the
hormone insulin, which is essential for the
transfer of glucose from the blood to the
tissues.
Water massages as a treatment for hysteria c.
1860
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The profound reality
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A prevalent view
well, if you can see a difference in the brain in
people that have depression and people that are
normal, then it depression must be a disease and
not a social problem.
Whether it's society driving it or biological
marker, the brain's going to show it! Who we are
is in our brains. because there's a brain
difference, it doesn't tell you if it's a top
down social disease or a biological bottom up
disease. J.G.
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Lets talk about treatment.
TRUE or FALSE you know if youve got the right
diagnosis for a mental disorder if the person
responds to treatment.
False Sometimes this is true. For example,
neuroleptic drugs given to schizophrenics block
DA receptors, which as lead to the dopamine
theory of schizophrenia. But, in the case of
ADHD, ritalin helps children with ADHD but also
helps normal children (e.g. the false alarm task,
from lecture).
So, Schizophrenics are treated with neuroleptic
drugs which keeps extra DA out of the system.
Is this the same as giving insulin? Does this
fix the problem of schizophrenia?
No. Side effects of treating Schizophrenia are
tardive diskensia. (or clozapine which risks
liver and immune system)
no drug 'treats' a disease. they all 'manage' a
disease. they all have side effects. - J.G.
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More treatment
We know that mental disorders have a biological
basis, because minds come from brains.
But, if these are mental disorders, can we treat
them mentally?
disorder
what works best
OCD therapy Depression Drugs and Therapy ADHD
drugs
question when should you use a drug and when
shouldn't you?
in most cases it depends. any extreme position is
not going to capture the reality present in the
data.
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Question

• How do we study the brain?

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Answers
eeg
lesions
fmri
single cell recording
stimulation
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THE GOAL
Hey ___, you took brain classes at MIT. How do
they get these brain areas lighting up? What do
you make of it?
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9.00 Introduction to Psychology
What do you see? When you see it, KEEP IT TO
YOURSELF!
Talia Konkle 1 Mar 07
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05-04
Basic Visual Pathway
World
Retina
LGN
V1
What
Where
W. W. Norton
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Receptive Field
neuron in V1
visual field
Retinotopy
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The visual system adjusts itself.

• In time.
• In space.
• Why does it adjust?
• sensitivity and gain?
• neural fatigue?
• adjustment of priors? (effects in the opposite
  direction)
• Error correction?

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Simultaneous blur contrast(adjustment in
space)
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Face adaptation(adjustment in time)
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Visual Themes

• our sense of the world is constructed from the
  input
• processing of the world is highly dependent on
  our visual experience

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Classical Conditioning
US
UR
conditioning
CS
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Operant Conditioning
the process by which a behavior becomes
associated with its consequences
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Shaping
gradual process of reinforcing an organism for
behavior that gets closer to the desired behavior
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What properties do you want a memory device to
have?
Some of my examples

• it should RECORD whats going on now.
• it has to STORE the information
• it can be accessed at a latter time

• TERMINOLOGY
• encoding
• storage
• retrieval

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100 ms - Processing a visual stimulus
Feel of the sand
I remember that one time
beach
Smell of the ocean
Sight of the beach
In the NEOCORTEX
Priming
whats priming? give an example
dual coding - paivio
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Memory
Implicit
Repetition Priming
Neocortex
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2-30 seconds Processing a visual stimulus
Linking neocortex to hippocampus

• - HM with no hippocampus
• cant do this.
• necessary for the STORAGE of new memories

In the HIPPOCAMPUS
Explicit I remember I saw that beach
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Memory
Implicit
Explicit
Priming
Semantic
Episodic
(with source memory)
Neocortex
Hippocampus
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1-2 years Processing a visual stimulus

• this is the state of the memory representation
  for 2 years

- then, the memory is consolidated. no longer
requires the hippocampus.
In the Cortex
Consolidated Long Term Memories
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Memory
Implicit
Explicit
Priming
Semantic
Episodic
(with source memory)
Neocortex
Hippocampus
(pre consolidation)
Neocortex
(post consolidation)
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But theres another pathway for memory
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Memory
put explicit memory off to the side
Implicit
Priming
Skills
Neocortex
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Learning A Skill

• involves the motor system

- requires repetition
- often improves with sleep
caudate
In The Basal Ganglia (caudate nucleus)
Skill learning
- huntingtons, parkinsons
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Memory
put explicit memory off to the side
Implicit
Priming
Skills
Conditioned Responses
Neocortex
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
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Memory
Whats the difference between explicit and
implicit?
Between priming and Skills/Habits/ Conditioning?

• something you get in ONE SHOT!
• can happen with OR WITHOUT awareness!

• requires Repetition
• typically involves the motor system more
  directely

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Sleep
behavioral signatures
neural signatures
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Language and Thought
boroditsky
lakoff
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Some of my Favorite Spatial Metaphors

• GIVING A LECTURE
• are you following me so far?
• no, can you go back?
• youre kind of jumping around
• today were trying to cover a lot of ground.
  tomorrow, well revisit some of the points
• BEING IN LOVE
• were going too fast
• look how far weve come
• were at a crossroads
• we just have to go our separate ways
• its been a long bumpy road
• I dont think this relationship is going anywhere
• COMMUNICATING
• its hard to get the idea across to him
• I gave you the idea

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Language and thought
Representing the abstract in terms of the concrete
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The objects of planet Gazoob
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Intelligence

• defn the ability to solve problems well and to
  understand and learn complex material

spearmans g
a single intellectual capacity that underlies the
positive correlations between many intelligence
tests
gardners multiple intelligences
cattell and horns fluid crystallized
8 forms of intelligence linguistic, spatial,
musical, logical bodily-kinesthetic,
intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist,
existential
fluid solutions to new problems crystallized
knowing facts and having the ability to combine
them
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The Big Five

• of all the ways to characterize personality,
  certain characteristics seem to come out again
  and againand they are
• Openness
• Conscientiousness (aka dependability)
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism (aka emotional stability)

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How do we find out what babies know?

• methods

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Methods
Issues
- if you dont see a preference, it doesnt mean
the baby cant tell the difference between the
stimuli.

• Preferential Looking
• Habituation
• Violation of Expectation
• Eye Tracking
• ERP

- do you expect a familiarity-preference or a
novelty-preference?
- you cant tell if they are preferring the view
they saw earlier, or just have a preference for
one of the stimuli
- babies dont sit still and they fuss
- getting parents to do this to their kids?
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Theories of development

• Nativism
• Infants are born with rich knowledge of the
  structure of the world
• Core knowledge includes knowledge about events
  and objects

• Constructivism/ Empiricism
• Infants are born into a blooming, buzzing
  confusion
• Must discover the structure of the world by
  perceptual and motor experience

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Socio-economic theory

• older people pay more attention to positive
  things, compared to young people. older people
  are happier by self report
• The aging brain
• whats the dominant trend in how the brain works
  as you age?
• is this evidence of compensation or decline? how
  do we know this?

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What can you take from all this?
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In the News
Machine Means End To Sleepless Nights A new
discovery could make it possible to take a "power
nap" at the flick of a switch. Scientists have
found a way to turn on deep sleep at will using a
machine that magnetically stimulates the brain.
Sweet dreams A device worn on the head could in
squeeze the benefit of eight hours' sleep into
just two or three hours. Scientists in the US
used a technique called transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS) to induce slow waves -
indicative of the deepest phase of sleep and
essential for learning ability and mood, in a
group of sleeping volunteers. A TMS device sends
harmless magnetic signals through the scalp and
skull and into the brain, where it activates
electrical impulses. The researchers found that
positioning the TMS machine the right way
triggered slow waves that travelled throughout
the brain. Slow wave activity occupies 80 of
sleeping hours. During slow wave sleep, waves of
electrical impulses wash across the brain at a
rate of roughly one a second. With each magnetic
pulse, the volunteers' brains immediately
generated slow waves typical of deep
sleep. "Creating slow waves on demand could some
day lead to treatments for insomnia," said study
leader Prof Giulio Tononi, from the University of
Wisconsin-Madison. "Theoretically, it could also
lead to a magnetically stimulated power nap'
which might confer the benefit of eight hours'
sleep in just a few hours. Prof Tononi believes
sleep is essential to prevent the brain
overloading. Memory involves strengthening
synapses - connections between brain cells formed
by learning. Sleep might allow the connections
created during the day to relax at night,
according to Prof Tononi.
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In the News
Keeping the brain in gear Boomers eager to
maintain cognitive fitness The Philadelphia
Inquirer 05/10/2007 PHILADELPHIA Gerry Stride
cracks wise about having a senior moment when she
forgets a name. But this baby boomer's fear of
succumbing to dementia or Alzheimer's disease is
no joke. That's why Stride, 57, is a regular at
the new "brain gym" of the Medford Leas
retirement campus in Medford, N.J., where she
works as director of community life. The exercise
room contains eight computers loaded with Posit
Science's Brain Fitness Program, one of a growing
number of software applications designed to
stimulate the mind and, say its designers,
possibly stave off mental decline. .. By 2030,
the number of Americans with dementia is expected
to more than double to 5.2 million, while those
65 and older with Alzheimer's is predicted to
grow 50 percent, to 7.7 million. In April, UCLA
hosted a one-day 500 boot camp aimed at affluent
boomers after memory techniques, brain-healthy
recipes and mind-building exercises. And the
handheld Brain Games, which Small created, hit
Sharper Image and other stores in January. For
19.99, the electronic device "cross-trains your
brain," Small said. In the last decade, research
has shown that the brain changes in response to
stimulation, and that novel and complex learning
adds neurons. Less certain is the connection
between rousing cells and warding off
mind-robbing diseases.
http//www.montereyherald.com/health/ci_5861327
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In the news
Psychiatrists, Children and Drug Industrys Role
When Anya Bailey developed an eating disorder
after her 12th birthday, her mother took her to a
psychiatrist at the University of Minnesota who
prescribed a powerful antipsychotic drug called
Risperdal. Skip to next paragraph Prescription
for Influence Beyond the Label The New York
Times Created for schizophrenia, Risperdal is not
approved to treat eating disorders, but increased
appetite is a common side effect and doctors may
prescribe drugs as they see fit. Anya gained
weight but within two years developed a crippling
knot in her back. She now receives regular
injections of Botox to unclench her back muscles.
She often awakens crying in pain. Drug makers
underwrite decision makers at every level of
care. They pay doctors who prescribe and
recommend drugs, teach about the underlying
diseases, perform studies and write guidelines
that other doctors often feel bound to follow.
But studies present strong evidence that
financial interests can affect decisions, often
without people knowing it.
http//www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/health/10psyche.
html?_r1orefslogin
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In the news
Brain's White Matter More 'Talkative' Than Once
Thought Article Date 09 May 2007 - 2300
PDTJohns Hopkins scientists have discovered to
their surprise that nerves in the mammalian
brain's white matter do more than just ferry
information between different brain regions, but
in fact process information the way gray matter
cells do. The discovery in mouse cells,
outlined in Nature Neuroscience, shows that brain
cells "talk" with each other in more ways than
previously thought. "We were surprised to see
these nerve axons talking to other cells in the
white matter," says Dwight Bergles, Ph.D., an
associate professor of neuroscience at Hopkins.
The discovery focuses on oligodendrocyte
precursor cells (OPCs), whose main role when they
mature into oligodendrocytes is to wrap
themselves around and insulate nerves with a
whitish coat of protective myelin. The immature
cells simply hang around and divide very slowly,
waiting to be spurred into action. To learn
more about OPCs that reside in the brain's white
matter, the Johns Hopkins researchers measured
activity from individual precursor cells in the
corpus callosum, a region of white matter that
connects the two brain hemispheres. To their
surprise, OPCs were found to have electrical
signals produced by the neurotransmitter
glutamate, similar to the signals used as the
principle means of cell-to-cell communication and
information processing in the gray matter. The
phenomenon was unlikely, they said, because in
the mouse brain, OPCs in the myelin-rich white
matter are far from synapses, the points of
contact between nerves where glutamate is
released.
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THANK YOU!