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Title: Notes for Biology


1
Notes for Biology
  • Mrs. Roberts Class

2
Table of contents
  • Click on a topic below
  • People to Know
  • Goal 1
  • Goal 2
  • Goal 3
  • Goal 4
  • Goal 5

3
People To Know
4
WATSON AND CRICK
  • DISCOVERED THE DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE OF DNA
  • WON NOBEL PRIZE IN 1962
  • WORKED WITH MAURICE WILKINS AND ROSLIND FRANKLIN

5
GREGOR MENDEL
  • CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF GENETICS
  • MONK WHO WORKED WITH PEA PLANTS TO COME UP WITH
    THE BASIC RULES OF GENTICS
  • 3 LAWS
  • DOMINANCE
  • SEGREGATION
  • INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

6
CHARLES DREW
  • AFRICAN AMERICAN WHO RECEIVED HIS MD IN THE
    1930S
  • FAMOUS FOR HIS WORK WITH BLOOD BANKS
  • PIONEERED THE RED CROSS

7
CHARLES DARWIN
  • NATURALIST ABOARD HMS BEAGLE
  • DEVELOPED THE IDEA OF NATURAL SELECTION FROM HIS
    WORK ON THE GALOPOGAS ISLANDS (FINCHES)
  • THEORY OF EVOLOUTION BASED ON HIS BOOK CALLED THE
    ORIGIN OF SPECIES

8
LOUIS PASTEUR
  • FATHER OF PASTEURIZATION
  • DID EXPERIMENTS WITH BOILED BROTH AND BENT NECK
    ON FLASK. STILL NO BACTERIAL TODAY!
  • PUT AN END TO THE IDEA OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

9
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
  • CREATED BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 NAME NAME)
  • STARTED OUR MODERN TAXONOMY SYSTEM
  • USED LATIN BECAUSE IT WAS A DEAD LANGUAGE (GAY,
    BAD, PHAT)

10
RACHEL CARSON
  • WROTE BOOK CALLED SILENT SPRING
  • MOTHER OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
  • TOLD OF THE DANGERS OF PESTICIDE USE
  • WARNED OF BIOACCUMULATION OF DDT IN BIRDS

11
JANE GOODALL
  • STUDIED CHIMPS FOR MANY YEARS
  • FOUND THAT THEY HAVE SIMILAR BEHAVIORS AND SOCIAL
    STRUCTURE AS HUMAN SOCIETIES.
  • FIRST TO OBSERVE TOOL USE FOR TERMITE CATCHING
  • Back to table of contents

12
THE LEARNER WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
  • Goal 1

13
OBJ. 1.01
  • ANALYZE THE MATTER-ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS OF LIVING
    AND NON LIVING THINGS

14
CONTRAST LIVING AND NONLIVNG THINGS
  • METABOLIZE
  • RESPOND TO STIMULI
  • USE ENERGY
  • REQUIRE WATER
  • REPRODUCE
  • GROW/DEVELOP
  • HAVE ADAPTATIONS
  • NONLIVING THINGS CAN DO SOME OF THESE THINGS BUT
    CANNOT REPRODUCE ON THEIR OWN, MOST DO NOT GROW
    OR DEVELOP,

15
METABOLISM
  • THIS IS ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT HAPPEN IN
    LIVING THINGS
  • CELLULAR RESPIRATION
  • ENZYMES BINDING TO SUBSTRATES
  • THE USE OF ENERGY TO DO THESES REACTIONS

16
RESPOND TO STIMULI
  • STIMULUS IS WHEN SOMETHING IN THE ENVIRONMENT
    CAUSES A REACTION IN AN ORGANISM
  • RESPONSE IS THE REACTION
  • EXAMPLE TACK IN YOUR SEAT MAKES YOU JUMP UP
  • YOU SNATCH YOUR HAND AWAY FROM SOMETHING HOT

17
USE ENERGY
  • ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
  • AUTOTROPHS (SELF FEEDERS) USE THE SUN AS THEIR
    ENERGY SOURCE AND CAN MAKE FOOD THROUGH
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • HETEROTROPHS (OTHER FEEDERS) OBTAIN THEIR ENERGY
    BY EATING
  • SAPROBES (DECOMPOSERS) EAT DEAD THINGS AND PUT
    NUTRIENTS BACK INTO THE ECOSYSTEM

18
WATER
  • ALL LIVING THINGS REQUIRE WATER TO LIVE. WATER
    IS IN ALMOST EVERY CHEMICAL REACTION.
  • WATER HAS PROPERTIES THAT ALLOW IT TO DO THIS
  • ADHESION
  • COHESION
  • POLARITY

19
REPRODUCE
  • ALL LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE. THIS MEANS THAT
    THEY MAKE MORE OF THEIR OWN KIND. (OFFSPRING)
  • THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
  • ASEXUAL ONLY ONE PARENT AND OFFSPRING IS
    IDENTICAL
  • SEXUAL- TWO PARENTS AND THE OFFSPRING IS
    DIFFERENT FROM PARENT

20
GROW AND DEVELOP
  • GROW MEANS THAT MORE CELLS ARE ADDED AND THE
    ORGANISM GETS BIGGER
  • DEVELOP MEANS THAT YOU CHANGE FROM YOU CHILD FORM
    INTO YOUR ADULT FORM
  • METAMORPHOSIS EGG-MAGGOT-FLY
  • NYMPHEGG-LITTLE BUG-BIGGER BUG
  • PUBERTYCHILD-ADOLESECENT-ADULT

21
ADAPTATIONS
  • LIVING THINGS HAVE ADAPTATIONS THAT ALLOW THEM TO
    SURVIVE IN A GIVEN ENVIRONMENT
  • FUR ON BOTTOM OF SNOW LEOPARDS FEET
  • LIZARD DROPPING TAIL/GROW NEW ONE
  • STRIPES ON TIGER/ SPOTS ON LEOPARD
  • TAIL ON MONKEYS

22
1.01A
  • CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF
    CELLS

23
1.01A C0NT.
  • HOMEOSTASIS IS THE CONDITION OF LIVING THINGS OF
    STAYING IN A CONSTANT STATE OF METABOLISM
  • TEMPERATURE
  • SHIVER, SWEAT
  • PH
  • BUFFERS
  • SALINITY
  • OSMOTIC BALANCE (KIDNEY) THIRST

24
1.01B
  • BONDING PATTERNS

25
1.01B
  • ATOMS ARE ATTRACTED TO EACH OTHER TO FORM BONDS
    BECAUSE OF THE CRAZY 8. EACH WANT 8 ELECTRONS
    IN THE OUTER ENERGY LEVEL AND THEY WILL
  • SHARE ELECTRONS THROUGH COVALENT BONDS TO GET 8
    OR
  • TRANSFER ELECTRONS THROUGH IONIC BONDING

26
1.01B
  • BONDS CAN BE REPRESENTED BY LINES BETWEEN
    STRUCTURAL MODELS BY
  • C-C SINGLE BOND
  • CC DOUBLE BOND
  • CC TRIPLE BOND

27
1.01B
  • COVALENT BONDS ARE THE STRONGEST. THEY FORM
    TIGHTLY BONDED MOLECULES THAT REQUIRE LOTS OF
    EFFORT TO BREAK (MARRIED)
  • IONIC BONDS ARE STRONG BUT CAN BE BROKEN EASIER
    THAT COVALENT (LIVING TOGETHER)
  • HYDROGEN BONDS ARE EASY TO BREAK (HUSSY)

28
1.01B
  • ALL ATOMS WANT CRAZY 8. SO
  • CARBON HAS 4 SO IT NEEDS 4 AND WILL FORM 4 BONDS
  • HYDROGEN HAS ONE /NEEDS 1
  • OXYGEN HAS 6/NEED 2 SO IT WILL FORM 2 BONDS
  • NITROGEN HAS 5/ NEEDS 3 SO IT WILL FORM 3 BONDS

29
1.01B
  • BONDS ARE IMPORTANT TOENZYMES BECAUSE THEY NEED
    TO TEMPORARLY BIND TO THE SUBSTRATE THEN RELEASE
    (HYDROGEN)

30
1.01B
  • BONDS ARE IMPORTANT TO
  • RESPIRATION BECAUSE THE BONDS OF GLUCOSE HAVE TO
    BE BROKEN TO PROVIDE THE BODY WITH ENERGY THROUGH
    ATP

31
1.01B
  • BONDS ARE IMPORTANT TO
  • PHOTOSYNTHESIS BECAUSE CARBON ATOMS ARE BONDED
    TOGETHER TO FORM GLUCOSE.

32
1.01B
  • BONDS ARE IMPORTANT TO
  • DIGESTION BECAUSE THE BONDS ARE BROKEN IN THE
    FOOD WE TAKE IN TO PROVIDE OUR BODIES WITH THE
    NUTRITION WE NEED

33
1.01B
  • HYDROLYSIS- ANY REACTION THAT REQUIRES WATER
    INORDER FOR THE REACTION TO TAKE PLACE
    (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

34
1.01B
  • DNA HAS HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN NUCLEOTIDES SO
    THAT THEY CAN BE SEPARTED EASILY DURING
    REPLICATION AND PROTEIN SYSNTHSIS

35
1.01c
  • ENERGY USE AND RELEASE IN BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS

36
1.01C CONT.
  • COUPLED REACTIONS ARE REACTIONS WHERE THE PRODUCT
    FROM ONE REACTION IS THE REACTANTS FOR ANOTHER
    REACTION
  • EX. CELLUALR RESPIRATION AND PHOTO SYNTHESIS AND
    ATP-ADP CYCLE

37
1.01C
  • ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS ABSORB HEAT FROM THE
    ENVIROMENT
  • EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS RELEASE HEAT TO THE
    ENVIRONMENT

38
1.01C
ATP
REMOVE A P
REPLACE A P
ADP P
39
1.01C CONT
  • PROTEINS- MADE OF AMINO ACIDS/PEPTIDE BONDS/ MAKE
    YOU/ENZYMES (LOOK 4 N)
  • CARBOHYDRATES- SUGARS-ENERGY SUGAR AND
    STARCH/CELLULOSE CELL WALL (21)
  • LIPIDS- FATTY ACID/GLYCEROL-STORED
    ENERGY/MEMBRANE/BRAIN
  • (NOT 21)

40
1.02
  • DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELL
    ORGANELLES

41
1.02 CONT
  • NULCEUS- CONRTOL CENTER- CONTAINS DNA
  • PLASMA MEMBRANE- PHOSPHOLIPIDS KEEPS THINGS IN OR
    OUT BUBBLES-TRANSPORT PROTEINS
  • CELL WALL- IN PLANTS MADE OF CELLULOSE SUPPORT
    AND PROTECTION
  • MITOCHONDRIA- POWER HOUSE ENERGY

42
1.02 CONT
  • VACUOLES- STORAGE ORGANELLES PLANTS HAVE LARGE
    ONES
  • CHLOROPLAST IN PLANTS, HAVE CHLOROPHYLL,
    (THYLAKOID AND STROMA) CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHEIS
  • RIBOSOMES- WORKERS, ACTUALLY MAKE PROTEINS

43
1.02
  • UNICELLULAR
  • ONLY ONE CELL
  • HAS TO DO IT ALL
  • CAN BE PROKARYOTE (BACTERIA) OR EUKARYOTE
    (PROTIST)
  • MULTICELLULAR
  • HAS MANY CELLS
  • EACH CELL MAY DO A DIFFERENT JOB
  • ONLY EUKARYOTES

44
1.02 CONT
  • EYEPIECE 10X
  • FINE/COURSE FOCUS
  • NOSEPIECE
  • HIGHPOWER 40X OR LOW POWER 10X OBJECTIVES
  • ARM AND STAGE
  • BASE

45
1.03
  • COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
    OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

46
CONTRASTPROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE
  • BACTERIA
  • VERY SMALL
  • NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
  • DNA IN CIRCULAR
  • EVERYTHING ELSE
  • CAN BE SMALL OR LARGE
  • HAVE MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
  • DNA IS HELICAL

47
1.04
  • ASSESS AND EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO
    CELLS

48
1.04
  • WATER IS IMPORTANT TO CELLS BECAUSE OF ITS
  • ADHESION- STICKS TO OTHER THINGS
  • COHESION-STICKS TO ITSELF
  • POLARITY- UNEVEN CHARGES
  • UNIVERSAL SOLVENT- DISOLVES ALL POLAR MOLECULES

49
1.04
  • ACTIVE TRANSPORT- REQUIRES ENERGY TO GO FROM LOW
    TO HIGH
  • PASSIVE TRANSPORT- DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY GOES
    FROM HIGH TO LOW
  • DIFFUSION GOES FROM HIGH TO LOW
  • OSMOSIS DIFFUSION OF WATER
  • SEMIPERMEABLE- SOME IN /OUT

50
1.04
  • PREDICT WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN THE FOLLOWING
  • BEAKER 70/30 CELL 70/30
  • BEAKER 50/50 CELL 70/30
  • BEAKER 100 WATER CELL 70/30

51
1.05
  • DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENZYMES
    AND EXPLAIN THEIR IMPORTANTCE TO BIOLOGICAL
    SYSTEMS

52
1.05
  • ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYST THAT ARE PROTEINS
    AND ARE SPECIFIC TO A REACTION
  • THEY ARE REUSED AFTER THEY CATALYZE A REACTION
  • PH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE (CHANGE SHAPE) OF
    AN ENZYME

53
1.05
  • ENZYMES CAN SLIGHTLY CHANGE THEIR SHAPE TO FIT
    THE SUBSTRATE THEY BIND TO. THIS IS THE INDUCED
    FIT THEORY
  • SOME GENETIC DISEASES LIKE PKU ARE CAUSED BY
    MUTATIONS IN DNA THAT CAN EFFECT THE PRODUCTION
    OF ENZYMES

54
1.06
  • ANALYZE THE BIOENERGETIC REACTIONS SUCH AS
  • PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • CELLULAR RESPIRATION (AEROBIC)
  • ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
  • CHEMOSYNTHESIS

55
1.06
  • AEROBIC (CELLULAR RESPIRATION)
  • GLYCOLYSIS- MAKES 4 ATPS USES 2
  • KREBS CYCLE 1 ATP FOR EVERY TURN IT DOES 2
    TURNS FOR EVERY GLUCOSE
  • ELECTRON TRAANPORT- 32 ATPS
  • MAKES 38 ATPS USES 2 ATPS OVERALL 36 ATPS
    PRODUCES

56
1.06
  • FERMENTATION (ANAEROBIC)
  • ALCOHOLIC AND LATIC ACID ARE TWO TYPES END
    PRODUCT STILL HAS ENERGY IN IT
  • GLYCOLYSIS IS THE SAME (NET 2) BUT ONLY 2 MORE
    IS PRODUCED IN THE ALCOHOLIC AND LATIC ACID STEP
  • THIS GIVES A TOTAL OF 4 ATPS

57
COMPARE/ CONTRASTAEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC
  • BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE
  • IN ORGANISMS THAT REQUIRE OXYGEN
  • MAKES 36 ATPS TOTAL
  • BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE
  • IN ORGANISMS THAT DO NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN LIKE SOME
    BACTERIA/YEAST
  • MAKES A TOTAL OF 4 ATPS/ STILL ENERTY LEFT IN
    PRODUCT

58
COMPARE/CONTRASTPHOTO AND CHEMOSYNTHEISIS
  • PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • MAKE GLUCOSE
  • FROM PHOTONS OF LIGHT
  • OCCURS IN PLANTS
  • HAS 2 PHASES LIGHT AND DARK
  • CHEMOSYNTHESIS
  • MAKES GLUCOSE
  • FROM CHEMICALS RELEASED FROM UNDERWATER VENTS IN
    OCEAN
  • OCCURS IN DEEP OCEAN BACTERIA

59
1.06
  • THE FUNCTION OF ATP IS THE STORAGE AND RELEASE OF
    ENERGY
  • ADP P ATP IS ENDERGONIC AND STORES ENERGY
  • ATP-P ADP P IS EXERGONIC AND RELEASES ENERGY
  • THEY ARE COUPLED REACTIONS THE ENERGY RELEASED
    FROM ONE IS USED TO POWER THE OTHER

60
1.06
  • KNOW THE FORMULA FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • 6CO2 6 H2O? C6H12O6 6O2
  • KNOW THE FORMULA FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS
    BACKWARDS
  • C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6 H2O
  • Back to table of contents

61
THE LEARNER WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
CONTINUITY OF LIFE AND THE CHANGES OF ORGANISMS
OVER TIME
  • GOAL 2

62
2.01
  • ANALYZE AND EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND
    ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

63
2.01
  • A MUTATION IS A CHANGE IN THE CODE OF DNA
  • POINT ONLY ONE LETTER
  • FRAME SHIFT READS WRONG LIKE
  • THE CAT ATE THE RAT/HEC ATA TET HER AT
  • INVERSION- FLIP OVER
  • TRANSLOCATE- BREAK OFF ONE JOIN ANOTHER
  • DELETE/ INSERT- LOSE OR ADD A NUCLEOTIDE

64
2.01
  • DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) IS THE HEREDITY
    MOLECULE
  • IT IS MADE OF NUCELOTIDES PHOSPHATE-SUGAR-NITROG
    EN BASE
  • THERE ARE 4 KINDS OF NITROGEN BASES
  • ADININE, GUANINE, CYTOSINE, AND THYMINE (A G C T)
  • AS AND TS PAIR UP CS AND GS PAIR UP

65
2.01A
  • DNA REPLICATES BY
  • AN ENZYME UNZIPS THE DNA
  • TWO STRANDS SEPARATE
  • FREE NUCLEOTIDES COME IN AND PAIR UP
  • ANOTHER ENZYME REZIPS THE NEW AND OLD STRANDS AND
    YOU NOW HAVE 2 COMPLETE STRANDS OF DNA

66
2.01B
  • PROTEIN SYSNTHESIS
  • DNA HAS CODONS FOR AMINO ACIDS
  • MRNA COMES IN AND TRANSCRIBES DNA
  • MRNA LEAVES NUCLEUS AND GOES TO THE RIBOSOME
  • TRNA (ANTI CODON) TRANSLATES THE CODON AND GETS
    AMINO ACID AND BRINGS IT TO THE RIBOSOME TO JOIN
    TO MAKE PROTEINS

67
2.01B
  • A CHANGE IN THE DNA SEQUENCE (MUTATION) CAN
    CHANGE WHAT MRNA COPIES DOWN AND EVENTUALLY
    CHANGE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PROTEIN
  • CROSSING OVER (SWITCHING PARTS) RANDOM ASSORTMENT
    DURING MEIOSIS CAN CREATE NEW AMINO ACID
    SEQUENCES

68
2.02
  • COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
    ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

69
2.02
  • ASEXUAL
  • MANY OFFSPRING
  • ALL IDENTICAL
  • REPRODUCE FAST
  • WHAT KILLS ONE WILL KILL ALL
  • SEXUAL
  • FEW OFFSPRING
  • NOT IDENTICAL GENES SHUFFLED
  • NOT ALL EFFECTED THE SAME BY DISEASE OR
    ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

70
2.02 COMPARE AND CONTRAST MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
  • 2 IDENTICAL DAUGHER CELLS
  • SAME (DIPLOID) CHROMOSOME NUMBER (2n)
  • USED FOR GROWTH, REPAIR, AND REPRODUCTION IN
    PROTIST BACTERIA
  • 4 NONIDENTICAL CELLS
  • HALF (HAPLOID) THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER (n)
  • USED TO MAKE GAMETES

71
2.03
  • INTERPRET AND USE THE LAWS OF PROBABILITY TO
    PREDICT PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

72
2.03
  • WORDS TO KNOW
  • GENOTYPE- GENES
  • PHENOTYPE- LOOKS
  • HOMOZYGOUS- SAME GENES (BB bb)
  • HETEROZYGOUS-DIFFERENT GENES (Bb)
  • MONOHYBRID- ONE TRAIT
  • DIHYBIRD- TWO TRAITS

73
2.03
  • SHORT CUTS FOR PHENOTYPES
  • HOMOZYGOUS X HOMOZYGOUS 100 DOMNIANT TRAIT
  • HETEROZYGOUS X HETEROZYGOUS 31 3 DOMINANT 1
    RECESSIVE 9331 FOR
    DIHYBRID CROSS 9 DOM/DOM 3DOM/REC 3 REC/DOM 1
    REC/REC
  • HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE X HETEROZYGOUS 50/50
    11

74
2.03
  • TEST CROSS- CROSS UNKNOWN WITH KNOWN AND LOOK AT
    OFFSPRING
  • DOMINANT- SHOWS UP IF PRESENT
  • RECESSIVE- ONLY SHOWS UP WHEN ALL RECESSIVE
  • CODOMINANT- BOTH SHOW UP EQUALLY

75
2.03
  • MULTIPLE ALLELES- MORE THAN ONE ALLELE IN THE
    POPULATION (FUR COLOR OF CATS)
  • SEX-LINKED TRAITS- ON X CHROMOSOME FEMALE
    CARRIER, MALE HAVE IT HEMOPHILLA, COLOR BLIND,
    BALDNESS
  • POLYGENETIC- MANY GENES CONTROL A TRAIT (SKIN)
    VARIATIONS

76
2.03
  • HUNTINGTONS DISEASE IS A DOMINANT TRAIT SO IF
    YOU HAVE EVEN ONE GENE YOU GET THE DISEASE

77
2.03
  • HERE IS A PEDIGREE FOR A FAMILY WITH THE TRAIT
    FOR HUNTINGTONS

PAUL
78
2.04
  • ASSESS THE APPLICATION OF DNA TECHNOLOGY TO
    FORENSICS, MEDICINES, AND AGRICULTURE

79
2.04
  • DNA FINGERPRINTING (GEL ELECTROPHORESIS) IS USED
    TO DETERMINE
  • CRIME SCENE EVIDENCE
  • PATERNITY
  • IDENTIFY PEOPLE
  • SCREEN FOR GENETIC DISORDERS WITH A PROBE (DNA
    FOR A DISEASE)

80
2.04
  • GENE THERAPY IS WHEN A GOOD GENE IS INSERTED INTO
    AN INDIVIDUAL BY A VECTOR. HOPING THAT THE GOOD
    GENE WILL BE TAKEN UP.
  • HUMAN GENES CAN BE INSERTED INTO BACTERIA SO
    THEY CAN MAKE HUMAN PROTEINS (INSULIN)

81
2.04
  • TRANSGENEINC ORGANISMS CONTAIN DNA FROM ANOTHER
    SPECIES (MILK AND MONEY)
  • CLONING IS CREATING AN EXACT DUPLICATE OF AN
    EXISTING INDIVIDUAL BY INSERTING THEIR DNA INTO
    AN EGG THE DONORS HAS BEEN REMOVED AND IMPLANTING
    IT

82
2.04
  • MOST GENETIC ENGINEERING IS DONE IN THE FIELD OF
    AGRICULTURE. ONE EXAMPLE IS ROUND UP READY
    SOYBEANS. ANOTHER IS IMPLANTING DISEASE
    RESISTANT GENES IN CROPS.

83
2.04
  • IN GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
  • DNA IS MULTIPLIED BY PCR
  • THEN CUT BY RESTRICTION ENZYMES
  • DYED AND RUN ON A GEL BY USE OF ELECTRICITY (DNA
    IS NEGATIVE SO IT WILL RUN TO A POSITIVE CHARGE)

84
2.04
  • SOME PEOPLE ARE UPSET WITH GENETIC ENGINEERING
    BECAUSE THEY FEEL THAT WE ARE PLAYING GOD BY
    MOVING GENES AROUND. THEY ARE AFRAID OF WHAT
    MIGHT HAPPEN IF THESE GENES GET MIXED INTO THE
    WILD POPULATION OF ORGANISMS. DO WE HAVE THE
    RIGHT TO MESS WITH GENES?

85
2.05
  • ANALYZE AND EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF GENETICS AND
    ENVIRONMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

86
2.05
  • YOU MAY HAVE A GENE THAT MIGHT PREDISPOSE YOU TO
    A DISEASE IF EXPOSED TO CERTAIN ENVIRONMENAL
    CONDITIONS
  • SKIN CANCER- I MIGHT HAVE THE GENE BUT WILL NOT
    GET CANCER IF I STAY OUT OF THE SUN
  • MOVE TO DRY STATE FOR ASTHMA
  • EAT RIGHT FOR CARDIOVASCULAR

87
2.05
  • SICKLE CELL- DEFORMED HEMOGLOBIN THAT CLOGS
    VESSELS
  • COLOR BLINDNESS- SEXLINKED- CANT SEE CERTAIN
    COLORS
  • CYSTIC FIBROSIS- THICK MUCUS THAT CLOGS LUNGS AND
    PANCREAS
  • HEMOPHILIA- SEXLINKED FREE BLEED
  • DOWN SYNDROME-RETARDED/TRISOMY 21
  • HUNTINGTONS- BRAIN,DOMINANT,40S

88
2.05
  • MALNUTRITION AND LEAD POISONING CAN TURN SOMEONE
    WHO IS GENETICALLY NORMAL INTO SOMEONE WHO IS
    RETARDED OR PHYSICALLY DEFORMED

89
2.05
  • RADIATION AND TOBACCO CAN CHANGE DNA WHICH CAN
    CAUSE CANCER

90
2.06
  • EXAMINE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF
    BILOOGICAL EVOLUTION INCLUDING
  • THE ORIGINS OF LIFE
  • PATTERNS
  • VARIATIONS
  • NATURAL SELECTION

91
2.06A ORIGINS
  • BIOGENESIS
  • LIVING THINGS MAKE LIVING THINGS
  • ABIOGENESIS
  • NONLIVING THINGS CAN MAKE LIVING THINGS
  • SOMETIMES CALLED SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

92
2.06A
  • LOUIS PASTEUR DID EXPERIMENTS WITH BOILED BROTH
    AND BENT NECKED FLASK TO SHOW THAT BACTERIA WAS
    IN THE AIR AND DO NOT POOF APPEAR OUT OF NO
    WHERE.
  • STILL NO BACTERIA TODAY

93
2.06
  • OPARIN STATED THE EARLY ATMOSPHERE DID NOT HAVE
    OXYGEN IT HAD METHANE AND AMMONIA, AND WAS VERY
    HOT
  • MILLER TOOK OPARINS IDEA AND CREATED AN
    EXPERIMENT TO SEE IF THE FIRST CELL COULD HAVE
    EVOLVED IN THAT SITUATION
  • HE GOT AMINO ACIDS, CARBS, AND LIPIDS TO FORM,
    EVEN GOT CIRCLES (PROTOCELLS) TO FORM-

94
2.06B
  • FOSSIL RECORD SHOWS THE ORDER THAT ORGANISMS
    OCCURRED BY WHICH LAYER OF ROCK THEY WERE IN
    OLDEST ON BOTTOM
  • ADAPTIVE RADIATION- EVOLVE TO MEET FEEDING NICHE
    (FINCHES)
  • VESTIGAL ORGANS- WE DONT USE
  • BIOCHEMICAL SIMILARITIES- CHEMISTRY AND DNA THE
    SAME

95
2.06B
  • THE PREVIOUS SLIDE SUGGEST THE REASON THAT WE
    HAVE SIMILAR CHARCTERISTICS IS THAT WE HAVE A
    COMMON ANCESTOR

96
2.06C-D
  • NATURAL SELECTION
  • VARIATIONS EXIST IN POPULATIONS
  • TOO MANY OFFSPRING ARE BORN THAN CAN SURVIVE
  • GOOD VARIATIONS SURVIVE, BAD DIE, GOOD GETS
    PASSED ON TO NEXT GENERATION.
  • NEXT GENERATION HAS MOST OF THE GOOD VARIATIONS
  • CHARLES DARWIN CAME UP WITH THIS

97
2.06
  • IF ANIMALS ARE SEPARATED BY GEOGRAPHY AND THEY
    CANT GET BACK TO EACH OTHER TO REPRODUCE THEN
    VARIATIONS CAN BUILD UP TO THE POINT THAT THEY
    BECOME DIFFERENT SPECIES
  • IF THEY BECOME REPRODUCTIVE AT DIFFERENT TIMES
    THEN EVEN IF REINTRODUCED THEY CANT MATE

98
2.06
  • POPULATION OF ROACHES- SOME CONTAIN A VARIATION
    THAT MAKES THEM IMMUNE TO RAID- SPRAY WITH RAID
    ALL BUT THE ONES ABOVE DIE. ONES LEFT MATE- ALL
    OFFSPRING ARE NOW IMMUNE TO RAID
  • SAME IS TRUE FOR ANITBACTERIAL PRODUCTS- SOON
    NOTHING WILL KILL BACTERIA
  • Back to table of contents

99
THE LEARNER WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE
  • GOAL 3

100
3.01
  • RELATE THE VARIETY OF LIVING ORGANISMS TO THEIR
    EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

101
3.01
  • THERE ARE CURRENTLY 5 OR 6 KINGDOMS
  • PLANTS
  • ANIMALS
  • PROTIST
  • FUNGI
  • BACTERIA (MONERA) THIS ONE CAN BE BROKEN DOWN
    INTO TWO
  • ARCHEBACTERIA
  • EUBACTERIA

102
3.01
  • CLASSIFICATION CAN CHANGE AS WE LEARN NEW THINGS
    ABOUT ORGANISMS SUCH AS
  • THEIR DNA ANALYSIS
  • BICHEMISTRY
  • BETTER OBSERVATIONS OF EMBRYOLOGY

103
3.02
  • CLASSIFY ORGANISMS ACCORDING TO ACCEPTED SYSTEMS
  • KINGDOM
  • PHYLUM
  • CLASS
  • ORDER
  • FAMILY
  • GENUS
  • SPECIES

104
3.02DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
  • CHORDATA
  • ARTHROPODA
  • ANNELIDA
  • MOLLUSCA
  • GASTROPOD
  • CEPHALOPOD
  • BIVALVE
  • PORIFERA
  • CNIDERIA
  • NERVE CORD
  • JOINED FEET
  • SEGMENTS/COELOM
  • STOMACH FOOT
  • HEAD FOOT
  • 2 SHELL
  • HOLES
  • TENTACLES/ NEMATOCYST

105
3.02 DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
  • MOSSES
  • FERNS
  • GYMNOSPERMS
  • ANGIOSPERMS
  • FUNGI
  • PROTIST
  • MONERA
  • NONVASCULAR/AG
  • FROND/ AG
  • CONE/NEEDLE/NAKED SEED
  • FLOWERS/FRUIT
  • HYPHE/MICORIZZA
  • CLASSIFY/MOVE
  • BACTERIA
  • (ARCHE) HARSH ENVIR.
  • (EU) COMMON

106
3.02
  • VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED ALIVE BECAUSE THEY
    NEED YOU TO REPRODUCE
  • LYTIC- ATTACH TO YOUR CELL AND INJECT THEIR DNA.
    YOU THEN MAKE THOUSANDS OF COPIES. CELL BURST AND
    THEY ATTACK OTHER CELLS
  • LYSOGENIC- ATTACH, INJECT DNA, FORM A PROVIRUS
    THAT HANGS OUT FOR SOME TIME BEFORE DOING LYTIC
    CYCLE

107
3.02
  • B NOMIAL NOMENCLATURE IS A 2 NAME NAME
    IT CORRESPONDS TO GENUS AND SPECIES
  • DICHOTOMUS KEYS- IDENTIFICATION TOOL THAT HAS 2
    CHOICES AT EACH STEP

108
3.03
  • DETERMINE THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF ORGANISMS
    INCLUDING
  • ORGAN SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS
  • FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF PLANTS
  • TRANSPORT
  • REPRODUCTION
  • REGULATION

109
3.03
  • BODY COVERINGS PROTECT ANIMALS FROM BACTERIA
    ENTERING THE BODY
  • SKIN WITH HAIR/FUR OR SCALES OR FEATHERS
  • MANTLE-TOUGH MEMBRANE
  • CHITIN EXOSKELETON

110
3.03
  • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS PROVIDE ANIMAL WITH A
    TRANSPORT SYSTEM
  • OPEN- PUMP WITH NO VESSELS
  • CLOSED- PUMP WITH BLOOD IN VESSELS AT ALL TIMES
  • VESSELS ARE VEINS AND ARTERIES
  • PUMPS CAN BE ARCHES, 2 CHAMBERED, 3 CHAMBERED, OR
    4 CHAMBERED

111
3.03
  • DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS BREAK DOWN FOOD
  • TWO WAY- GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY FOOD GOES IN AN
    OUT SAME OPENING
  • ONE WAY- MOUTH THRU ANUS- FOOD ENTERS ONE OPENING
    AND CONTINUES IN THE SAME DIRECTION UNTIL EXITING
    THE BODY THROUGH THE ANUS

112
3.03
  • ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ARE A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN
    ANIMALS. IT WORKS BY HORMONES AND GLANDS
  • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IS WHEN ONE HORMONE TURNS
    ANOTHER HORMONE ON OR OFF LIKE A THERMOSTAT
    (MENSTRAL CYCLE)

113
3.03
  • HERE ARE SOME GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES
  • PITUITARY- HUMAN GROWTH, FSH, LH, TSH, ADH
  • THYRIOD- THYROXIN
  • ADRENAL- EPI AND NOREPI
  • TESTICLE- TESTOSTERONE
  • OVARY-ESTROGEN

114
3.03
  • EXCRETORY SYSTEMS FILTER BLOOD AND REMOVE WASTE
  • KIDNEY,URETER, BLADDER, URETHRA
  • THE NEPHRON IS THE MAJOR FUNCTIONAL UNIT IN THE
    KIDNEY
  • MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
  • NEPHRIDIA

115
3.03
  • IMMUNE SYSTEMS PROVIDE ANIMALS WITH A WAY OF
    FIGHTING OFF DISEASES
  • B CELLS- MADE/MATURE IN THE BONE THEY SHOOT
    ANTIBODIES/MAKE MEMORY CELLS/ AND ARE BLIND
  • T CELLS- MADE IN BONE MATURE IN THYMUS
  • HELPER T TELLS B CELLS WHERE TO SHOOT
  • SUPRESSOR T TELLS WHEN TO STOP

116
3.03
  • SOMETIMES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WILL OVERREACT TO
    HARMLESS THINGS. THIS IS CALLED AN ALLERGY

117
3.03
  • THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM PROVIDE ANIMALS WITH A WAY TO
    MOVE
  • STRIATED MUSCLES ARE VOLENTARY YOU CONTROL
    THEM/THEY LOOK STRIPED
  • SMOOTH- INVOLENTARY YOUR BRAIN CONTROLS THEM
    (ORGANS) NO STRIPES
  • CARDIAC- STRIATED THAT ACTS LIKE SMOOTH

118
3.03
  • NERVOUS SYSTEMS PROVIDE ANIMALS WITH WAYS TO
    RECEIVE AND RESPOND TO STIMULI.
  • THERE ARE 3 PARTS TO A NERVE CELL
  • DENTRITES (SHORT)
  • AXON(LONG)
  • CELL BODY( ROUND)

119
3.03
  • NERVE CELLS IN YOUR FINGERS CAN DETECT WHEN YOU
    TOUCH SOMETHING HOT. THEY SEND THE MESSAGE TO
    YOUR BRAIN. TWO NERVE CELLS DO NOT TOUCH. THERE
    IS A GAP CALLED A SYNAPSE BETWEEN THEM. THE
    MESSAGE IS CARRIED BY CHEMICALS CALLED
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS

120
3.03
  • MOST ANIMALS REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY GAMETES
  • SOME ARE HERMAPHRODITES (BOTH SEXES)
  • SOME ARE PLACENTAL (UTERUS)
  • SOME ARE MARSUPIAL (POUCH)
  • SOME ARE MONOTREMES (EGG OUTSIDE OF THE BODY)

121
3.03
  • PARTS OF THE HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  • TESTICLE- MAKES SPERM
  • EPIDIDYMIS- STORES SPERM
  • VAS DEFERENS- TUBE THAT CARRIES SPERM
  • PROSTATE, SEMINAL VESSICLE, AND COWPERS GLAND
    ADD FLUID
  • PENIS- COPULATORY ORGAN

122
3.03
  • PARTS OF A HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  • OVARY- MAKES EGG
  • FALLOPIAN TUBE- CARRIES EGG TO UTERUS
  • UTERUS- WHERE BABY GROWS
  • CERVIX- OPENING TO UTERUS
  • VAGINA- BIRTH CANAL

123
3.03
  • RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROVIDES ANIMALS WITH A WAY TO
    EXCHANGE GASES
  • LUNGS
  • GILLS
  • SPIRICLES
  • BOOK LUNGS

124
3.03
  • SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROVIDE ANIMALS WITH A WAY TO
    REMAIN UPRIGHT
  • SPONGE - SPICULES
  • HYDRA-STARFISH- WATER PRESSURE
  • ARTHROPODS- EXOSKELETON OF CHITIN
  • CHORDATES- ENDOSKELETON MADE OF CARTILAGE OR BONE

125
3.03
  • PLANTS
  • TRANSPORT IS THROUGH XYLEM (WATER) AND PHLOEM
    (FOOD)
  • REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY
  • FRAGMENTATION, BUDDING, LAYERING,
  • SEXUALLY
  • POLLENATION
  • REGULATED BY
  • AUXIN- THE GROWTH HORMONE
  • STOMA (TRANSPIRATION) (GAS EXCHANGE)

126
3.03
  • ANGIOSPERMS USE FLOWERS TO REPRODUCE

STAMEN-ANTHER FILAMENT
PISTIL- STIGMA STYLE- OVARY
PETALS
127
3.03
  • GYMNOSPERMS USE CONES AND WIND TO REPRODUCE

128
3.04
  • COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PROCESSES OF
    REPRODUCTION GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION
    OF MAJOR PHYLA

129
3.04
  • REPRODUCTION
  • CHORDATA/ SEXUAL SEPARATE SEXES
  • ARTHROPODA/ SEXUAL/ SEPARTE SEXES/ PARTHENOGENSIS
    IS AN ASEXUAL METHOD OF REPRODUCTION
  • GROWTH/DEVELOP
  • BABY/ CHILD/ ADOLESCENT/ ADULT
  • METAMORPHOSIS
  • EGG/LARVA/PUPA/ ADULT
  • EGG/ NYMPH/ ADULT

130
3.04
  • REPRODUCTION
  • ANNELIDA/ HERMAPHRODITE/ SEXUAL
  • MOLLUSCA/ SEXUAL/ EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION FOR
    BIVALVES AND CEPHALOPOD
  • GROWTH/DEVELOP
  • EGG SAC/ NYMPH/ ADULT
  • EGG/ LARVA / ADULT

131
3.04
  • REPRODUCTION
  • PORIFERA/SEXUAL/ HERMAPHRODITE/ EXTERNAL
    FERTILIZATION/ ASEXUAL BY BUDDING AND
    FRAGMENTATION
  • CNIDERIA THE SAME
  • GROWTH/DEVELOP
  • EGG/ FREE SWIMMING LARVA/ SESSILE ADULT IN CASE
    OF CNIDERIA MEDUSA IS FREE SWIMMING AND POLYP IS
    SESSILE. JELLY FISH STAYS IN MESUSA STATE

132
3.04
  • REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
  • MOSSES AND FERNS REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY GAMETES
    BUT ASEXUALLY BY SPORES. THEY GO THROUGH
    ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS WHERE ONE GENERATION
    IS SEXUAL BUT THE NEXT IS ASEXUAL

133
3.04
  • GYMNOSPERMS ARE PLANTS THAT REPRODUCE BY CONES.
    THEY ARE WIND POLLENATED
  • ANGIOSPERMS ARE PLANTS THAT REPRODUCE BY FLOWERS.
    THEY ARE POLLENTATED BY INSECTS AND HUMMINGBIRDS

134
3.04
  • AQUATIC PLANTS
  • SUPPORT- WATER
  • EXCHANGE GASES-WATER
  • REPRODUCE - WATER
  • NO NEEDTO WORRY ABOUT DRYING OUT OR GETTING WATER
  • TERRESTRIAL PLANTS
  • SUPPORT- STEMS
  • EXCHANGE GASES- STOMA ON LEAVES
  • REPRODUCE- CONE OR FLOWER
  • NEED ROOTS TO GET WATER AND CUTICLE TO KEEP FROM
    DRYING OUT

135
3.05
  • DETERMINE THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT
    INFLUENCE THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS

136
3.05
  • INTERNAL- GENETICS CONTROL THE GROWTH AND
    DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS HOWEVER
  • EXTERNAL FACTORS CAN INFLUENCE GENETICS
    (IDENTICAL TWIN STUDIES)
  • POOR NUTRITION CAN KEEP ORGANISMS FROM REACHING
    THEIR GENETIC POTENTIAL
  • ENVIRONMENT CAN EFFECT GENES - TEMPERATURE
    CONTROLS GENDER IN REPTILES
  • Back to table of contents

137
THE LEARNER WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF
ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS
  • GOAL 4

138
4.01
  • IDENTIFY THE INTERRELATIONSHIPA AMONG ORGANISM,
    POPULATIONS, COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND BIOMES

139
4.01
  • BIOMES ARE CHARACTERISED AND CREATED BY ABIOTIC
    FACTORS SUCH AS AMOUNT OF RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE,
    SOIL TYPE, ETC..
  • INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC
    FACTORS ALSO EFFECT BIOMES
  • TRANSPIRATION CAN EFFECT RAINFALL

140
4.01
  • NICHE IS AN ORGANISMS ROLE OR JOB IN AN
    ECOSYSTEMS
  • EX. PREDATOR OR DECOMPOSER
  • SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
  • MUTUALISM BOTH HELPED
  • PARISTISM- ONE HELP/ HOST HURT
  • COMMENSALISM- ONE HELPED OTHER NOT EFFECTED AT ALL

141
4.01
  • PREDATOR/PREY RELATIONSHIPS
  • PREY POPULATION GOES UP/ PREDATOR POPULATIONS
    GOES UP/ PREY POPULATION GOES DOWN/ PREDATOR
    POPULATION GOES DOWN/ PREY POPULATION GOES UP AND
    THE CYCLE CONTINUES

142
4.01
  • DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP
  • CAT/MOUSE
  • FLEA/DOG
  • CLEANER FISH/SHARK
  • BARNCLE/ WHALE

143
4.01
  • BIOTIC POTENTIAL- TOTAL NUMBER OF POSSIBLE
    OFFSPRING OF A POPULATION
  • LIMITING FACTORS KEEP POPULATIONS FROM REACHING
    BIOTIC POTENTIAL

144
4.01
  • DENSITY DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS DEPEND ON THE
    NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE POPULATION
  • FOOD, WATER, SPACE, DISEASE, PARASITES
  • DENSITY INDEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS DO NOT
    DEPEND ON THE POPULATION
  • NATURAL DISASTERS AND WEATER

145
4.01
  • J-SHAPED CURVES SHOW A POPULATION THAT IS GROWING
    EXPONENTIALLY
  • S-SHAPED CURVES SHOW A POPULATION THAT HAS
    REACHED ITS CARRYING CAPACITY
  • CARRYING CAPACITY IS THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS AN
    AREA CAN SUPPORT

146
4.02
  • ANALYZE THE CYCLING OF MATTER WATER, CARBON AND
    NITROGEN IN SYSTEMS

147
4.02
  • WATER CYCLE
  • HUMANS CAN MESS UP THIS CYCLE BY DEFORESTATION
    AND POLLUTION

CONDESATION
TRANSPIRATION EVAPORATION
PRECIPITATION
EARTH
148
4.02
  • CARBON CYCLE
  • HUMANS MESS THIS UP BY DEFORESTATION AND FOSSIL
    FUELS

ATMOSPHERE
RESPIRATION
BURNIG FUEL FOR HEAT, TRANSPORTATION, MANUFACTURI
NG
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
EARTH ECOSYSTEMS
149
4.02
  • NITROGEN CYCLE
  • HUMANS MESS UP THIS BY FARMING
  • TOO MUCH FERTILIZER AND POOP THAT LEACHES TO THE
    WATER TABLE (BLUE BABY)

PLANTS
LIGHTINING
FERTILIZER POOP
NODULES
DEATH
150
4.03
  • EXPLAIN THE FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS

151
4.03
  • THE FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM CAN BE
    SHOWN BY A FOOD CHAIN

HETEROTROPH
CONSUMERS
3RD
PRODUCER
1ST
2ND
GRASS
BUG
FROG
SNAKE
AUTOTROPH
CARNIVORES
HERBIVORE
152
4.03
  • INTERCONNECTING FOOD CHAINS MAKE A FOOD WEB
  • A HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM HAS MANY CONNECTIONS IN ITS
    WEB
  • OMNIVORES EAT PLANTS AND ANIMALS
  • DECOMPOSERS BREAK DOWN ORGANISMS INTO NUTRIENTS

153
4.03
  • PYRAMIDS CAN BE USED TO SHOW ENERGY TRANSFER,
    BIOMASS, OR NUMBERS
  • ALL DECREASE AS YOU GO UP A FOOD CHAIN (10 RULE)

HAWK
SNAKE
TROPHIC LEVELS
RABBIT
GRASS/CLOVER
154
4.04
  • ASSESS AND DESCRIBE SUCCESSIONAL CHANGES IN
    ECOSYSTEMS

155
4.04
  • PRIMARY SUCCESSION IS WHERE AN ECOSYSTEM STARTS
    FROM BARE ROCK AND HAS TO CREATE SOIL

CLIMAX COMMUNITY
PIONEER SPECIES
BARE ROCK LICHEN
GRASS WEEDS
SHRUBS
PINE TREES
HARD WOODS
156
4.04
  • SECONDARY SUCCESSION STARTS WITH AN ESTABLISHED
    ECOSYSTEM THAT IS DESTROYED. SOIL DOES NOT HAVE
    TO BE MADE

FOREST THAT IS DESTROYED
GRASS
SHRUBS
PINES
OAKS
157
4.05
  • ASSESS AND EXPLAIN HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT
    INFLUENCE AND MODIFY THE ENVIRONMENT

158
4.05
  • GLOBAL WARMING IS A POSSIBLE OUTCOME OF THE
    GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
  • CAUSED BY TOO MUCH CO2
  • EFFECTS FLOODING, CLIMATE CHANGES
  • SOLUTIONS CUT BACK ON USE OF FOSSIL FUELS

159
4.05
  • CO 2 TRAPS HEAT LIKE GLASS IN A GREEN HOUSE

SUNLIGHT
CO2
TURNS INTO HEAT AND CANT EXCAPE
EARTH
160
4.05
  • HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH OCCURS WHEN THE BIRTH
    RATE EXCEEDS THE DEATH RATE
  • ZPG- ZERO POPULATION GROWTH
  • IMMIGRATION- MOVING IN
  • EMMIGRATION- MOVING OUT

161
4.05
  • MORE PEOPLE PUT MORE OF A DEMAND ON RESOURCES
  • THE UNITED STATES HAS 20 OF THE POPULATION BUT
    USES OVER 60 OF THE EARTHS RESOURCES
  • DEMOGRAPHICS- STUDY OF GENDER AND AGE BREAKDOWN
    OF A POPULATION

162
4.05
  • DEMOGRAPHIC GRAPHS

SLOW GROWTH
STABLE
RAPID GROWTH
163
4.05
  • BIOACCUMULATION IS THE BUILD UP OF TOXINS IN THE
    TOP MEMBERS OF A FOOD CHAIN (DDT/EAGLES)
  • PESTICIDES KILL THE GOOD AND THE BAD BUGS
    (HONEYBEES)
  • BUGS CAN BECOME RESISTANT TO PESTICIDES
    (COCKROACHS/RAID)
  • Back to table of contents

164
STUDENTS WILL DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS RESULTING FROM A
COMBINATION OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
  • GOAL 5

165
5.01
  • EVALUATE THE SURVIVAL OF ORGANISMS AND SUITABLE
    ADAPTIVE RESPONSIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES

166
5.01
  • MIMICRY- WHEN A NONPOISONOUS ORGANISMS LOOKS LIKE
    A POISONOUS ORGANISM (VICEROY AND MONARCH
    BUTTERFLY)
  • PROTECTIVE COLORATION- CAMOFLAUGE

167
5.01
  • PARENTAL BEHAVIOR- WHEN PARENTS TAKE CARE OF OR
    DONT TAKE CARE OF OFFSPRING
  • KILL / WONT FEEDRUNT
  • KILL OFFSPRING IN TIMES OF STRESS
  • FEEDING STRATIGES- ADAPTING TO DIFFERENT FOOD
    SOURCE IN BAD ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

168
5.01
  • SOME ORGANISMS HAVE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO
    ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
  • MICE ACT STRANGE IN OVERCROWED CONDITIONS
  • BIRDS PLUCK OUT FEATHERS WHEN STRESSED

169
5.02
  • ASSESS AND EXAMINE PLANT TROPISMS AND OTHER
    RESPONSES

170
5.02
  • PHOTOTROPISM- GROWTH TOWARD LIGHT (AUXIN COLLECTS
    ON DARK SIDE OF PLANT)
  • GEOTROPISM- GROWTH TOWARD OR AWAY FROM GRAVITY
  • POSITIVE- ROOTS
  • NEGATIVE- STEMS
  • THIGMOTROPISM- GROWTH IN RESPONSE TO TOUCH
    (GRAPEVINE)

171
5.03
  • ASSESS, DESCRIBE, AND EXPLAIN TYPES OF ANIMAL
    BEHAVIORS

172
5.03
  • CHEMOTAXIS-MOVEMENT TOWARD (POSITIVE) OR AWAY
    (NEGATIVE) FROM A CHEMICAL (COOKIES)
  • PHOTOTAXIS- MOVEMENT TOWARD OR AWAY FROM LIGHT
    (EUGLENA)
  • REFLEX- AUTOMATIC UNCONTROLLED RESPONSED TO
    STIMULUS (SIT ON TACK)

173
5.03
  • IMPRINTING- WHAT ORGANISM FIRST ATTACHES TO
    BECOMES PARENT AND WHAT THEY WILL IDENTIFY
    THEMSELVES AS
  • INSTINCTS- COMPLEX INNATE BEHAVIORS (BIRDS
    BUILDING A NEST OR FLYING SOUTH) YOU ARE BORN
    WITH IT

174
5.03
  • LEARNED BEHAVIOR
  • HABIUATION-LEARN TO IGNORE STIMULUS (LIVING NEAR
    TRAIN)
  • CONDITIONED RESPONSE- NATURAL RESPONSE TO
    UNNATURAL STIMULUS (PAVLOVS DOGS)
  • TRIAL AND ERROR
  • INSIGHT- LEARN FROM OTHERS MISTAKES

175
5.04
  • ANALYZE THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS AND RHYTHMIC
    BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS

176
5.04
  • CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS-
  • DIURNAL- AWAKE AT DAYTIME
  • NOCTURNAL- AWAKE AT NIGHT
  • MIGRATION- MOVING
  • ESTIVATION-DORMANT IN HOT/DRY
  • HIBERNATION-DORMANT IN COLD
  • BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS- (JET LAG) YOUR PERSONAL RHYTHM

177
5.05
  • EVALUATE AND EXPLAIN THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIORAL
    ADAPTATIONS AND SURVIVAL OF POPULATION

178
5.05
  • SOME ORGANISMS HAVE EVOLVED BEHAVIORS THAT HAVE
    ALLOWED THEM TO BETTER SURVIVE
  • COURTSHIP RITUALS-ALLOW FEMALES TO PICK STRONGEST
    MALE (SHEEP BUTT HEADS)

179
5.05
  • COEVOLUTION- EVOLVE TO NEED EACH OTHER (CANT
    SURVIVE WITHOUT EACH OTHER
  • BEES FLOWERS
  • ACACIA TREES ANTS
  • SOCIAL BEHAVIORS- HAVE A HIERACHY TO ENSURE THAT
    THE MOST IMPORTANT GET FED
  • Back to table of contents
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