LESSONS%20LEARNED%20FROM%20PAST%20NOTABLE%20DISASTERS%20ITALY%20PART%203A:%20EARTHQUAKES

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE
DISASTERSITALYPART 3A EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster
Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 
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NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN
ITALY
FLOODS
GOAL PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER
RESILIENT
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
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Italy has a long history of destructive
earthquakes.
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LOCATIONS OF PAST NOTABLE EARTHAUAKES
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Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters

• Planet Earths heat flow and lithospheric
  interactions cause EARTHQUAKES

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TECTONIC PLATES
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ITALY INTERACTION OF AFRICA---EURASIAN---ANATOLIA
N PLATES
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ITALY, THE PLATES, AND THE 2009 LAQUILA QUAKE
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A DISASTER is ---

• --- the set of failures that overwhelm the
  capability of a community to respond without
  external help  when three continuums 1)  people,
  2) community (i.e., a set of habitats,
  livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3)
  complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..)
  intersect at a point in space and time.

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Disasters are caused by single- or
multiple-event natural hazards that, (for
various reasons), cause extreme levels of
mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness,
economic losses, or environmental impacts.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely
  happen

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THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the
  communitys buildings and infrastructure that are
  UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and
  standards will be LOST.

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THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO
  or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic
  framework for concerted local, national,
  regional, and international actions.

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THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to
  the full spectrum of expected and unexpected
  emergency situations.

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THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and
  reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from
  either the current experience or the cumulative
  prior experiences.

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TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
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ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
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ITALYS COMMUNITIES
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN
UP AFTERSHOCKS
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ITALY RELATIVE GROUND SHAKING HAZARD (50 YEAR
EXP.T. )
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CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
DISASTER LABORATORIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY
  GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER
  RESILIENCE

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WHAT WILL HAPPEN?EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS (AKA THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
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EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS MODEL
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ITALY SEISMICITY
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ITALY
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PGA MAP 10 EXCEDANCE IN 50 YEAR EXPOSURE TIME
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ITALY EARTHQUAKE ZONES
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EXPOSURE MODEL
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT
VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, OF REPLACEMENT
VALUE
INTENSITY
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VULNERABILITY MODEL
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HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN AN EARTHQUAKE

• A communities people, property, essential and
  critical infrastructure, business enterprise, and
  government centers.

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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND
  LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER
  RESILIENCE

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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

• ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS
  ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

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SOME OF ITALYS MANY NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES

• M6.9 IRPINIA NOVEMBER 23, 1980
• M6.3 LAQUILA APRIL 6, 2009

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IRPINIAEARTHQUAKE

• M6.9
• SUNDAY MORNING
• NOVEMBER 23, 1980

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EPICENTER IRPINIA QUAKE
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THE IRPINIA EARTHQUAKE

• Known in Italy as Terremoto dell'Irpinia, the
  M6.9 earthquake took place on Sunday, November
  23, 1980.
• The quake, centered near the village of Conza,
  killed 2,914 people, injured more than 10,000 and
  left 300,000 homeless.

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Building damage was distributed over more than
26,000 km², including Naples and Salerno
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DAMAGE

• OLD, POORLY DESIGNED AND POORLY CONSTRUCTED
  BUILDINGS SITED ON SOFT SOILS WERE HIGHLY
  VULNERABLE TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING

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PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED

• The towns of Lioni, Conza Di Campania (near the
  epicenter), and Teora were destroyed.

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PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED

• Eighty percent of SantAngelo Dei Lombardi was
  destroyed.
• 300 died, including 27 children in an orphanage.

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FAR TOO MANY GRAVES
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE A GHOST TOWN
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE TO ROAD
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PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED

• In Balvano, 100 were killed when a medieval
  church collapsed during Sunday services.

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COLLAPSED BUILDINGS IN NAPLES

• Dozens of structures in Naples were levelled,
  including a 10-story apartment building.

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THIS DISASTER EXPOSED POLICY FLAWS

• UNPROTECTED
• UNPREPARED
• UN--ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY

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FACT VILLAGE HOUSES WITH LITTLE OF NO
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE COLLAPSED, INCREASINGING
DEATHS AND INJURIES

• The 5 pm occurrence (instead of a 10 pm
  occurrence) likely reduced the number of deaths.

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INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE DURING RECONSTRUCTION

• The Italian government spent 59,000 billion lire
  on reconstruction.
• Other nations sent contributions West Germany
  contributed 32 million USD and the USA 70
  million USD.

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2013
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ITALYS NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE

• BUT, EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN
  IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!