Title: Documenting%20Sources:%20MLA%20
1Documenting SourcesMLA APA
2Why Document?
- In research writing, it is the research that wins
or loses an argument. - When you conduct research, you will find sources
that support your main ideas. - When you use those sources in your paper, you
must document those sources, which means giving
credit to the sources where you find the
information. - When you give credit to the original source, you
give proper credit to the author, and you avoid
Plagiarism!
3Plagiarism
- According to the 6th Edition of Kirszner
Mandells The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, on page
195, it states, Plagiarism is presenting
another persons ideas or words as if they were
your own. - Intentional Plagiarism includes copying and
pasting word-for-word from another place
(internet, journal article, another student), on
purpose, in the hopes of passing off that work as
ones own. - Unintentional Plagiarism includes improper use of
quotation marks or improperly citing sources per
one of the prescribed methods. - Additionally, the same Handbook, also on page
195, notes The most common cause of
unintentional plagiarism is sloppy research
habits. - Dont let short-term habits cost you long-term
consequences ! ! !
4Consequencesof Plagiarism
- The consequences of Plagiarism could include
- Missed points on an assignment (if the plagiarism
is unintentional and the assignment is a smaller
one intended for learning documentation style) - A failing grade on the plagiarized work
- A failing grade in the course
- Expulsion from school
5How To Document?
- There are a variety of different citation styles,
based on a persons major or the college of
attendance. - The 2 main documentation styles
- MLA (Modern Language Association)
- http//www.mla.org/
- http//www.mla.org/style
- http//www.mlahandbook.org
- APA (American Psychological Association)
- http//www.apa.org/
6Another Helpful Web Site
- Another helpful web site for all things grammar
and writing - The OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue
- http//owl.english.purdue.edu/
7Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting
- Whether you summarize, paraphrase, or quote from
a source, you must document the ideas and/or the
words! - Summary Taking a long passage and condensing
the ideas into your own words. A summary
includes just the main ideas and is much shorter
than the original work. You must document the
sources ideas even though you rewrite those
ideas into your own words. - Paraphrase Taking a passage and giving a
detailed rephrasing in your own words. A
paraphrased passage is roughly the same length as
the original work. You must document the
sources ideas even though you rewrite those
ideas into your own words. - Quote Using a sources exact words, complete
with exact wording and punctuation. You must
document the sources exact words and their ideas
in those exact words.
8Direct Quotes
- A direct quote must include an identifying tag,
as well as the exact words of the source. - An identifying tag connects the writers words to
the sources words. - Typically, the tag sets up where the quote is
from or whose words/idea it is.
9Strong Verbs
- Use strong verbs in your tags.
- Instead of repeating says or states or
tells, try other verbs, such as the following
(though this is just a sampling, not a complete
list!) - acknowledges concludes implies proposes
- admits concurs indicates reports
- affirms discloses insists speculates
- believes explains notes suggests
- claims finds observes summarizes
- comments illustrates predicts warns
-
10Types of Tagsfor Direct Quotes
- A tag can come at the Beginning, the Middle, or
the End. Notice the punctuation between the tag
and the quote, and pay attention to
capitalization, too. - Beginning John Smith, the Director of the Smell
the Roses Institute, claims, It is best to stop
and smell the roses. - Middle It is best, John Smith, Director of
the Smell the Roses Institute, acknowledges, to
stop and smell the roses. - End It is best to stop and smell the roses,
argues John Smith, Director of the Smell the
Roses Institute. -
- The above examples are examples of tags later,
we will - discuss the additional MLA or APA
documentation that is - required.
11Types of Tagsfor Direct Quotes
- A colon can be used in a tag to set up a quote.
- Remember, to use a colon correctly, a full
sentence must be used before the colon. - John Smith, Director of the Smell the Roses
Institute, has spent a lifetime analyzing the
effect of roses on health When one takes time
to smell the roses, one can be happiest.
- The above examples are examples of tags later,
we will - discuss the additional MLA or APA
documentation that is - required.
12Types of Tagsfor Direct Quotes
- A blended quote connects the words and ideas of
the writer and of the source in a different way,
with different punctuation and capitalization.
The words and ideas from the writer and from the
source blend together into one full and complete
sentence, and it is only through the quotation
marks that a reader can discern where ones words
end and the others words begin. The citation
(to be discussed in full in later slides) is
where the credit is given. - MLA Every person, at least once every day,
should stop and smell the roses (Smith 95). - APA Every person, at least once every day,
should stop and smell the roses (Smith, 2009,
p. 8).
132 Parts of Documentation
- In order to give full and proper credit to a
source, you must include 2 parts - In the body of the paper, whenever you summarize,
paraphrase, or quote from a source, you must use
a properly formatted in-text citation. - For every source you use and cite in the body of
your paper, you must include a fully-formatted
entry on the Works Cited page (MLA) or References
page (APA).
14EXAMPLES forWorks Cited (MLA) or References (APA)
- In the next several slides,
- some examples
- will be provided
- of the most common
- types of sources.
- However, this PowerPoint is not meant as a
substitution for a style manual - it is meant as additional clarification to be
used in conjunction with a style manual.
15A Short Story, Play, Or Poemin an Edited
Anthology
- MLA
- Authors Last Name, First Name Middle if given.
Title of Story, Play, or Poem. Name of the
Edited Anthology. Editors name Ed. stands for
Edited by, so do not use Eds. for more than 1
editor. Edition. City of Publication
Abbreviated Name of Publisher, year. Start-End
page numbers. Type of source. - Chopin, Kate. The Storm. Literature Reading,
Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G Kirszner and
Stephen R. Mandell. 6th ed. Boston Wadsworth,
2010. 313-17. Print.
16A Short Story, Play, Or Poemin an Edited
Anthology
- APA
- Authors Last Name, Fist Initial. Middle Initial
if given. (Year). Title of story, play, or
poem. In First Initial. Middle Initial. if
given Last Name (Ed.) or Eds. for more than one
editor, Name of edited anthology (p. for one
page, pp. for multiple pages). City or City,
State if an unknown city Name of Publisher. - Lorde, A. (1984). Age, race, and class. In P.S.
Rothenberg (Ed.), Racism and sexism An
integrated study (pp. 352-360). New York St.
Martins Press.
17Book 1 Author
- MLA
- Authors Last Name, First Name Middle Name if
given. Book Title. City of Publication
Abbreviated Name of Publisher, year. Print. - Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment The
Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York
Knopf, 1976. Print.
18Book 1 Author
- APA
- Authors Last Name, First Initial. Middle
Initial. if given. (Year). Name of book. City
of Publication Name of Publisher. - Maslow, A. H. (1974). Toward a psychology of
being. Princeton Van Nostrand.
19Book multiple authors
- Notice the order of authors names
- MLA
- Authors Last Name, First Name, and First Name
Last Name. Name of Book. City of Publication
Abbreviated Name of Publisher, Year of
Publication. Print. - Peters, Michael A., and Nicholas C. Burbules.
Poststructuralism and Educational Research.
Lanham Rowman, 2004. Print.
20Book multiple authors
- Notice the order of authors names
- APA
- Authors Last Name, First Initial., Last Name,
First Initial, Last Name, First Initial. (Year
of Publication). Name of Book. City of
Publication Name of Publisher. - Wolfinger, D., Knable, P., Richards, H.L.,
Silberger, R. (2007). The chronically unemployed.
New York Berman Press.
21Database Sources Definition
- Most colleges, universities, and libraries
subscribe to the same academic databases. Here
is a sampling - InfoTrac OneFile Plus
- MasterFILE Premier
- LexisNexis
- ProQuest
- EBSCOHost
- Gale
- Academic Premier
- Wilson
- Facts on File
- In these databases, there is a compilation of
many sources (usually sources that were formerly
in print). - Peer-Reviewed sources are the most reliable!
- To give full and proper credit, you need to give
credit to the author, as well as to the original
publication you also need to provide the path
for how you found the information.
22A Scholarly Journal Article(annual
publication)from an Online Database
- MLA
- Authors Last Name, First Name Middle if given.
Title of Article. Name of Journal Article
volume.issue (year of publication) start-end
page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Day
Abbreviated Month Year date retrieved. - Schaefer, Richard J. Editing Strategies in
Television News Documentaries. Journal of
Communication 47.4 (1997) 69-89. InfoTrac
OneFile Plus. Web. 2 Oct. 2002.
23A Scholarly Journal Article(annual
publication)from an Online Database
- APA
- Authors Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title
of article. Name of Journal Article, volume,
start-end page numbers. Retrieved from URL. - Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs.
Journal of Social Issues, 27, 581-593. Retrieved
from http//proquest.com/social.27.org.aspx/227.
com
24A Monthly Magazine Articlefrom an Online Database
- MLA
- Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of
Article. Name of Magazine Month Year start-end
page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Day
Abbreviated Month Year. date retrieved - Livermore, Beth. Meteorites on Ice. Astronomy
July 1993 54-58. Expanded Academic ASAP Plus.
Web. 12 Nov. 2003. - Wright, Karen. The Clot Thickens. Discover Dec.
1999 n. pag. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 10 Oct.
2003.
25A Monthly Magazine Articlefrom an Online Database
- APA
- Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial if
given. (Date listed as Year, Month Day).
Title of article. Name of Magazine,
volume(issue), start-end page numbers. Retrieved
from URL. - Livermore, B. (1993, July). Meteorites on ice.
Astronomy, 16(3), 54-58. Retrieved from
http//academicasap.edu/meteor_ aspx_853.com
26A Newspaper Articlefrom an Online Database
- MLA
- Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name
of Newspaper Day Abbreviated Month Year
section pages. Name of Database. Web. Day
Abbreviated Month Year. (date retrieved) - Meyer, Greg. Answering Questions about the West
Nile Virus. Dayton Daily News 11 July 2002
Z3-7. LexisNexis. Web. 17 Feb. 2003.
27A Newspaper Articlefrom an Online Database
- APA
- Authors Last Name, First Initial. (Date listed
as Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of
newspaper, p. section/. Retrieved from URL. - Meyer, G. (2002, July 11). Answering questions
about the West Nile Virus. Dayton Daily News,
Z3-7. Retrieved from httpebscohost.org.z37.west_n
ile.org/200211.htm
28Internet Sources Definition
- An Internet source is an online source that does
not come from a database. - An Internet search is a general web search using
a browser, such as Google or Yahoo. - Be careful of the Internet information you use in
a research paper!!! - Google Scholar More likely to find reputable
sources (but verify each source individually
based on its own merits) http//scholar.google
.com/schhp?hlentabws - Avoid Wikipedia in academic writing ! ! !
29Internet Sites
- According to the 6th edition of Kirszner
Mandells The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, on page
223, it notes - MLA style recognizes that full source
information for Internet sources is not always
available. Include in your citation whatever
information you can reasonably obtain the author
or editor of the site (if available) the name of
the site (italicized) the version number of the
source (if applicable) the name of any
institution or sponsor (if unavailable, include
the abbreviation N.p. for no publisher) the
date of electronic publication or update (if
unavailable, include the abbreviation n.d. for
no date of publication) the publication medium
(Web) and the date you accessed the source.
30Internet Sites
- MLA
- Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of
Article. Name of Web Site. Sponsor of Site, Date
of Publication listed as Day Abbreviated Month
Year. Web. Date Retrieved listed as Day
Abbreviated Month Year. ltURLgt. If the brackets
disappear when you hit enter, hit the undo or
back button, which is typically a blue arrow. - Baard, Mark. Will Genetic Engineering Kill Us?
Wired News. Lycos, 16 Apr. 2003. Web. 12 Feb.
2004. ltwww.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,58467,
00.htmlgt.
31Internet Sites
- According to the 6th edition of Kirszner
Mandells The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, on page
260, it notes - APA guidelines for documenting electronic
sources focus on Web sources, which often do not
include all the bibliographic information that
print sources do. For example, Web sources may
not include page numbers or a place of
publication. At a minimum, a Web citation should
have a title, a date (the date of publication,
update, or retrieval), and a Digital Object
Identifier (DOI) (when available) or an
electronic address (URL). If possible, also
include the author(s) of a source. - When you need to divide a URL at the end of a
line, break it before a slash or period (do not
add a hyphen). Do not add a period at the end of
the URL.
32Internet Sites
- APA
- Authors Last Name, First/Middle Initials. (Year
of publication). Title of article. Name of
publication, volume(issue), start-end page
numbers. doi - Yip, T., Gee, G.C., Takeuchi, D.T. (2008).
Racial discrimination and psychological distress
The impact of ethnic identity and age among
immigrants and United States-born Asian adults.
Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 787-800. doi
10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.787
33Article in an Online Magazine(not from a
Database)
- MLA
- Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of
Article. Name of Web Site. Name of Publication,
Date of Original Publication listed as Day
Abbreviated Month Year. Web. Date Retrieved
listed as Day Abbreviated Month Year. ltURLgt.
If the brackets disappear when you hit enter,
click the back/undo arrow. - Weiser, Jay. The Tyranny of Informality. Time.
Time, 26 Feb. 1996. Web. 1 Mar. 2002.
ltwww.time.com/tyrannyof/333987/up/76.htmlgt.
34Article in an Online Magazine(not from a
Database)
- APA
- Authors Last Name, First/Middle Initials. (Year,
Month Day). Title of article. Name of Magazine,
volume(issue), start-end page numbers. Retrieved
from URL. - McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and
intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, 61-63.
Retrieved from www.psychologytoday.com/intelligenc
e_ 466163.J1983.html
35Article in an Online Newspaper(not from a
Database)
- MLA
- Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of
Article. Name of Web Site. Name of Newspaper,
date of newspaper listed as Day Abbreviated
Month Year. Web. Date Accessed listed as Day
Abbreviated Month Year. ltURLgt. If the
brackets disappear when you hit enter, click the
back/undo button. - Wyatt, Edward. Electronic Device Stirs Unease at
Book Fair. New York Times. New York Times, 2
June 2008. Web. 12 June 2008. ltwww.nyt.com.bookfai
r_org_asp.135790. comgt.
36Article in an Online Newspaper(not from a
Database)
- APA
- Authors Last Name, First/Middle Initials. (Year,
Month Day). Title of article. Name of Newspaper,
page numbers. Retrieved from URL - James, W.R (1993, November 16). The uninsured and
health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14.
Retrieved from www.wallstreetjournal.com/healthcar
e/1993_11_16.A1A14_wsj.htm
37In-Text Citations
- An in-text citation includes limited information
so as to not interrupt the flow of the written
information, but it provides enough to give
credit for the summarized, paraphrased, or quoted
material. - An in-text citation leads the reader to the
source alphabetically on the Works Cited page
(MLA) or the References page (APA), where the
full information about the source can be found.
38Examples of In-Text Citations
- MLA
- The In-Text Citation for an MLA-formatted
reference will include the authors last name (or
whatever piece of information appears first in
the entry, if no author is given) and page number
with no punctuation between the two items.
39Examples of In-Text Citations
- MLA
- Summary/Paraphrase, with the author included in
the sentence - Tom Smith agrees that the grass is
- greener on the other side of the fence
- (95).
- Summary/Paraphrase, with no author included in
the sentence - The grass is greener on the other side of
- the fence (Smith 95).
40Examples of In-Text Citations
- MLA
- Direct Quote, with the author included in the
tag - Tom Smith claims, On the other side of
- the fence, one might think the grass is
- greener (95).
- Direct Quote, with no author named in the tag
- According to the author, On the other
- side of the fence, one might think the
- grass is greener (Smith 95).
41Examples of In-Text Citations
- APA
- The In-Text Citation for an APA-formatted
reference will include the authors last name (or
whatever piece of information appears first in
the entry, if no author is given) and the year of
the source with a comma between the two pieces
of information. - For the In-Text Citation for a Direct Quote, also
add the page number (if available). If the page
number is not available, use a paragraph number
instead. Abbreviate page as p. Abbreviate
pages as pp. Abbreviate paragraph as
para. or use the symbol for paragraph.
42Examples of In-Text Citations
- APA
- Summary/Paraphrase, with the author included in
the sentence - Tom Smith (2009) agrees that the grass is
greener on the other side of the fence. - Summary/Paraphrase, with no author included in
the sentence - The grass is greener on the other side of
- the fence (Smith, 2009).
43Examples of In-Text Citations
- APA
- Direct Quote, with the author included in the
tag - Tom Smith (2009) claims, On the other
- side of the fence, one might think the
- grass is greener (p. 95).
- Direct Quote, with no author named in the tag
- According to the author, On the other
- side of the fence, one might think the
- grass is greener (Smith, 2009, p. 95).
44Formatting Notes
- 1 Margins
- 12-Point Fonts
- Double Spacing
- Page Headers
- MLA Writers Last Name page number
- APA Title page number
- The Works Cited (MLA) or References (APA) should
start flush at the left margin be indented
after the first line. - The Works Cited (MLA) or References (APA) should
be alphabetized.
45Questions ?