Define the following terms: humanism, humanities, patron, perspective, engraving, vernacular, utopian, indulgences, diet, predestination, theocracy, sect, canonize, compromise, ghetto - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Define the following terms: humanism, humanities, patron, perspective, engraving, vernacular, utopian, indulgences, diet, predestination, theocracy, sect, canonize, compromise, ghetto

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Title: Define the following terms: humanism, humanities, patron, perspective, engraving, vernacular, utopian, indulgences, diet, predestination, theocracy, sect, canonize, compromise, ghetto


1
  • Define the following terms humanism, humanities,
    patron, perspective, engraving, vernacular,
    utopian, indulgences, diet, predestination,
    theocracy, sect, canonize, compromise, ghetto
  • Identify the following individuals and their
    contributions to the Renaissance and Reformation
    Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo,
    Raphael, Baldassare Castiglione, Noccolo
    Machiavelli, Johann Gutenberg, Albrecht Durer,
    Erasmus, Shakespeare, Martin Luther, John Calvin,
    Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Ignatius of Loyola, and
    Teresa of Avila

2
The Renaissancec.1350-1600
3
  • What were the chief concerns of medieval man?
  • Medieval Europe
  • fragmented feudal society
  • church-dominated intellectual and cultural life
  • agricultural economy
  • Early Modern Europe (after the Renaissance)
  • society dominated by centralized political
    institutions
  • lay patronage of education, arts, and music
  • urban, commercial economy

4
Characteristics of the Renaissance
  • urban society
  • an age of recovery
  • increasing regard for the individual human
  • Increased secular viewpoints

5
Copy the following questions in your notebook.
Think about each question and respond to it in
writing. Be prepared to answer them in class
discussion.
  • What term in English expresses the Renaissance
    ideal of a well-rounded, multi-talented person?
  • What are the worlds largest trading cities
    today?
  • Should political leaders adhere to basic moral
    principles when pursuing the states affairs or
    just look out for the states interests?
  • What are the criteria that indicate a person has
    reached adulthood today?

6
  • The Italian Renaissance (1350-1550)
  • Renaissance rebirth
  • Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the
    Renaissance in Italy (1860)
  • Increased power and wealth of Italian city-states
    such as Milan, Florence, and Venice (see
    pp.411-412)
  • less decline during the Middle Ages
  • The Crusades?
  • Italy was a transfer point between East and West
  • manufacturing in the Italian city-states
  • banking
  • growth of political power of the city-states
  • lay patronage of education, art, and music

7
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8
  • What was the intellectual movement known as
    humanism?
  • Humanism
  • characterized by secularism and individualism
  • based on the classics, the literary works of
    ancient Greece and Rome
  • Petrarch- 15th century (Father of Italian
    Renaissance Humanism)

9
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
  • Father of Humanism
  • referred to the medieval period as the Dark
    Ages
  • collected and analyzed ancient texts
  • greatly inspired by the Roman statesman
  • Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 B.C-43 A.D.)
  • wrote in classical Latin and the Italian
    vernacular

10
  • Humanist Education
  • Humanists of the Renaissance believed that
    education could affect positive change in human
    beings.
  • Emphasized liberal studies- history, moral
    philosophy, rhetoric, grammar and logic,
    mathematics, poetry, and astronomy, and music
  • The curriculum was intended to develop
    individuals to their full potential and help them
    to attain virtue and wisdom.
  • Physical education was also stressed.
  • Its ultimate aim was to create complete,
    well-rounded citizens.

11
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
  • Florence, Italy (1400- 1550)
  • Renaissance artists endeavored to imitate nature
    in their works.
  • A new perspective- human beings were the center
    and measure of all things.
  • The use of perspective, lighting, and space to
    create realism

12
Medieval Art
13
Medieval or Renaissance?
14
  • Leonardo da Vinci
  • Renaissance man (polymath or polyhistor)
  • Leonardo da Vinci
  • What term in English expresses the Renaissance
    ideal of a well-rounded, multi-talented person?

15
Inventions
16
Sketches
17
Da Vincis Famous Paintings
The Last Supper
Mona Lisa
18
Virgin of the Rocks
19
Leonardo and the Renaissance (156)
20
Michelangelo
Pieta
David
21
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo
22
Michelangelo and the Renaissance (3.30)
23
School of Athens, Raphael
24
Niccolò Machiavelli
  • The Prince, 1513
  • Should political leaders adhere to basic moral
    principles when pursuing the states affairs or
    just look out for the states interests?

25
  • Everyone realizes how praiseworthy it is for a
    prince to honor his word and to be
    straightforward rather than crafty in his
    dealings nonetheless experience shows that
    princes who have achieved great things have been
    those who have given their word lightly, who have
    known how to trick men with their cunning, and
    who, in the end have overcome those abiding by
    honest principles.
  • Niccolo Machiavelli, The
    Prince, 1513

26
Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)
  • The Book of the Courtier (1528)
  • Rejected crude habits and promoted standard
    behavior for noble gentlemen
  • Described the ideal Renaissance Man

27
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
  • Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
  • A different approach to art than the Italians-
    the northern painters became masters of detail.
    Initially, however, the northern painters did not
    study the laws of perspective.
  • The artistic center of northern Europe was in
    Flanders

28
  • The German artist Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)
    incorporated the laws of perspective in his
    paintings while still maintaining the northern
    emphasis on detail.
  • Jan van Eyck (1385-1441)- perfected and
    popularized oil painting

29
Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513) copper
engraving
30
Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait
31
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
  • Christian humanist
  • master of Greek and Latin
  • produced the first Greek printed edition of the
    New Testament in 1516
  • used humor and satire in his writings to bring
    attention to abuses in the Church
  • Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.

32
  • Please answer the following study
    questions in your notebook. Refer to Chapter
    13 in your textbook.
  • Who was Sir Thomas More and what ultimately
    happened to him?
  • What was the first book printed using moveable
    type printing?
  • How did the Renaissance open the door to the
    Protestant Reformation?
  • Who was John Wycliffe? John Huss?
  • Who was Martin Luther? What significant movement
    did he initiate in sixteenth-century Europe?
  • Who was Johann Tetzel?
  • What church practice bothered Luther the most?
  • In 1521, how did Pope Leo X respond to Martin
    Luthers questioning of church doctrine?
  • What was the Edict of Worms? What happened?
  • What technological development contributed to the
    spread of Luthers ideas?
  • What was the Peace of Augsburg?
  • What are religious groups that have broken away
    from an established church?
  • In 1516, Jews were required to occupy a separate
    quarter of Venice. What was the area to which
    they were confined called?

33
The Renaissance (11.00)
34
The Protestant Reformation
35
  • What was the Reformation?
  • Religion in the year 1500 in Western Europe
  • Church was an ever-present aspect in the lives of
    all Christians
  • sacraments
  • tithe
  • holidays, church bells, etc.
  • What were many Christians beginning to question?

36
  • the effects of war, disease, and famine
  • questions concerning the afterlife were of great
    concern to many
  • Although the ordinary people tried to live
    religious lives, the clergy often did not.
  • corruption
  • insincerity
  • disregard for Church law
  • political engagements of the popes
  • lavish living while peasants starved
  • fathering of children (with vow of celibacy)

37
  • Earlier reform attempts
  • Dominic (13th century) preached against heresy
  • Believed that many of the incorrect beliefs came
    from misinformed priests
  • Dominic devoted himself to training priests
    (Dominicans)
  • Heresy and the Inquisition- 13th century
  • John Wycliffe and John Huss

38
  • Other challenges to the Church
  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • Most Europeans were still loyal to the Church,
    but there was a growing number of critics.

39
  • Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
  • Christian humanism- the belief that human being
    can use reason to improve themselves
  • Erasmus advocated reform within the Church, not
    separation
  • The Praise of Folly (1509)
  • Why reform?
  • Perceived corruption in the Church

40
Martin Luther
41
  • Martin Luther (1483-1546)
  • Luther was born a peasant, but his father secured
    his way to study at the university (completed his
    Bachelors and Masters)
  • In 1505, Luther was caught in a lightening storm
    and vowed to become a monk if he survived. He
    joined the order of Augustine monks
  • Received his doctorate in theology and taught at
    the University of Wittenberg
  • In 1517, angered by indulgences (Johann Tetzel),
    he posted his Ninety-five Theses
  • Disputation at Leipzig (1519)
  • Diet of Worms (1521)
  • Luther protected by Frederick the Wise of Saxony
  • Translated the Bible from Latin and Greek into
    the German vernacular
  • The Peace of Augsburg (1555)

42
The Reformation (30.00)
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