Title: Sensor%20research%20and%20algorithm%20development%20for%20corn%20in%20ND
1Sensor research and algorithm development for
corn in ND
L.K. Sharma, D.W. Franzen, H. Bu, R. Ashley, G.
Endres and J. Teboh North Dakota State
University, Fargo, ND
2(No Transcript)
3INTRODUCTION
Corn acreage in North Dakota is increasing at a
very high rate in the last 10 years.
- Area and production
- 2011- 2.06 million acre and 5.5 MT
- 2012- 3.2 million acre and 8.5 MT
-
4Corn N timeline
Period of greatest uptake
Application
Day 1 Day 45 Day 80
Day 120
5The first 6 weeks of growth, little N is needed
Source Dr. Jim Schepers, NUE conference
presentation, Fargo-http//nue.okstate.edu/Nitroge
n_Conference2012/North_Dakota.htm
6- In high clay soils
- Leaching is not an issue.
- Downward movement of water in a high clay soil
(Fargo soil series) is about 0.015 inches per
hour, or about 1/3 inch per day.
7Image taken June 28, 3 days after area was
covered by 6 inches of water
8Active optical sensors have been identified as a
tool to increase nitrogen-use efficiency GreenSe
eker (Trimble) Holland Crop Circle Sensor
(Holland Scientific)
9Holland Crop Circle-470
TARGET
Red
Red Edge
NIR
LED
ACS-470
SENSOR
Source Dr. Jim Schepers, NUE conference
presenattion, Fargo-http//nue.okstate.edu/Nitroge
n_Conference2012/North_Dakota.htm
10- Greenseeker emits two bands visible and near
infrared - NDVI (NIR Red)/(NIRRed)
- (774nm reading 656nm reading)/(774nm 656nm)
- Or
- (774nm reading 710nm reading)/(774nm 710nm)
- (New GreenSeeker)
- Crop Circle-470 emit three bands visible, red
edge, and near infrared - NDVI (NIR Red/(NIRRed)
- (760nm reading 670nm reading)/ (760 670)
- Or
- NDVI (NIR Red Edge/NIRRed Edge)
- (760nm reading 730nm reading)/ (760 730)
11Materials and Methods
- Locations and Treatments
- 51 sites were selected in 2011-2013.
- Six nitrogen treatments 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and
200 lb/acre.
- Experimental design Randomized complete block
design with four replications. - Plot size 20 feet long by 10 feet wide
- Soil was sampled to 2-feet in depth for residual
nitrate-N preplant. - P and K applied, if found deficient and
cooperator - application not practical
12- Crop History Soil Texture
- Previous crop
- Tillage history
- Surface-subsurface soil texture
- Sensor readings
- Approximately 45 samples/row
- The NDVI values were averaged for each plot as
well as for each treatment. - Both sensors Crop Circle and Greenseeker were
used - 8 and 12 leaf stage over the top
13Location segregation
All research Sites
Western sites
Medium Textured Sites
No till Sites East
High Clay Sites
Conventional till Higher yields/lower yields
14West River No-Till
Sensor Wavelength for NDVI G-S Basic Yield Prediction Formula Minimum INSEY for N rate
GS Red V6 Yield (188094 X INSEY) 29 0.0001
GS Red Edge V6 Yield (325010 X INSEY) 46 0.00003
CC Red V6 Yield (229555 X INSEY) 41 0.0001
CC Red Edge V6 Yield (399336 X INSEY) 60 0.00003
GS Red V12 Yield (71686 X INSEY) 57 0.0002
GS Red Edge V12 Yield (139218 X INSEY) 50 0.00015
CC Red V12 Yield (120175 X INSEY) 35 0.0002
CC Red Edge V12 Yield (277715 X INSEY) 11 0.00015
15High Clay Soils Eastern North Dakota
Sensor Wavelength for NDVI G-S Basic Yield Prediction Formula Minimum INSEY for N rate
GS Red V6 Yield (85506 X INSEY) 110 0.0002
GS Red Edge V6 Yield (146652 X INSEY) 93 0.00015
CC Red V6 Yield (94286 X INSEY) 120 0.0002
CC Red Edge V6 Yield (161565 X INSEY) 11 0.00015
GS Red V12 Yield (132082 X INSEY) 62 0.0004
GS Red Edge V12 Yield (89991 X INSEY) 91 0.0002
CC Red V12 Yield (157411 X INSEY) 48 0.0003
CC Red Edge V12 Yield (274855 X INSEY) 51 0.0002
16Medium Texture Soils Eastern North Dakota
Sensor Wavelength for NDVI G-S Basic Yield Prediction Formula Minimum INSEY for N rate
GS Red V6 Yield (59103 X INSEY) 128 0.0002
GS Red Edge V6 Not established
CC Red V6 Yield (91892 X INSEY) 133 0.0002
CC Red Edge V6 Yield (55652 X INSEY) 138 0.00006
GS Red V12 Yield (89116 X INSEY) 99 0.0003
GS Red Edge V12 Not established
CC Red V12 Yield (88306 X INSEY) 109 0.0003
CC Red Edge V12 Yield (196600 X INSEY) 88 0.0002
17Long-term No-Till Eastern North Dakota
Sensor Wavelength for NDVI G-S Basic Yield Prediction Formula Minimum INSEY for N rate
GS Red V6 Yield (247906 X INSEY) 67 0.00015
GS Red Edge V6 Not established
CC Red V6 Yield (212021 X INSEY) 103 0.00015
CC Red Edge V6 Not established
GS Red V12 Not established
GS Red Edge V12 Not established
CC Red V12 Not established
CC Red Edge V12 Yield (363492 X INSEY) 7 0.00015
18Procedure to use algorithm
19Corn yield difference in kg/ha. X 1.25 N in
corn grain divided by efficiency factor 0.6
N rate in kg/ha
Reference Yield
Field Yield estimate
Yield
Reference INSEY
INSEY in field
INSEY
20Example- Reference yield predicted- 120
bushels In-field yield estimated- 60 bushels
difference 60 bushels X 56 lb N/bushel 3360
pounds X 0.0125 42 lb N 42 /0.6
efficiency factor 70 lb N
at that location.
21Wavelength evaluation of two ground based active
optical sensors to detect sulfur deficiency in
corn using N rich within field areas
22Tillage system, soil type, planting date and date
of the first and second sensing of experimental
sites.
Locations Tillage System GPS Coordinated Soil Type Planting Dates First Sensing (V6 stage) Second Sensing (V12 stage)
Arthur Conventional-tillage 47o 06 50.963 N, 97o 57 55.219 W Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Pachic Hapludolls 05/15/13 06/20/13 07/10/13
Oakes No-till 4600638.066N 9705755.219 Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Aeric Calciaquolls 05/11/13 06/18/13 07/09/13
23Relationship between N rate and Crop circle red
edge INSEY (Crop circle red edge wavelength
reading/growing degree-days), V6 at Arthur
Relationship between N rate and Crop circle red
edge INSEY (Crop circle red edge wavelength
reading/growing degree-days), V12 at Arthur
24Relationship of Crop Circle red edge INSEY
(sensor red edge NDVI/growing degree-days from
planting to sensing) and N rate, V6 stage at
Arthur
Relationship of Crop Circle red edge INSEY
(sensor red edge NDVI/growing degree-days from
planting to sensing) and N rate, V12 stage at
Arthur
25Overall Conclusion
- Multiplying INSEY by the corn height improve the
relationship between INSEYS and Yield. - Red edge NDVI is better at 2nd stage than Red
NDVI. - Crop circle red edge was found better as compared
to Greenseeker 2nd stage. - V12 leaf stage was found better in predicting
yield as compared to V8. - Inseason N rate algorithm was successfully build
with help of sensors.
26This algorithms is a starting point for
growers. NDSU Computer Science (Anne Denton- a
ICPA presenter) are developing a machine
learning tool, which will help growers to add
their data into the existing algorithm to make
the algorithm their own.
27ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Special Thanks
- Dr. Dave Franzen (PhD Advisor)
- Dr. Tom DeSutter (PhD Committee member)
- Dr. R. J. Goos (PhD Committee member)
- Dr. Joel Ransom (PhD Committee member)
- Thanks to the North Dakota Corn Council, IPNI and
Pioneer Hi-Bred International for their support
of this project. Also to Dr. Anne Denton, NDSU
Computer Science Department - and the National Science Foundation. Also to
- Honggang Bu, Brad Schmidt and Eric Schultz.