The 1970

1
The 1970s

• 1968-1980

2
Nixon Through Bush

• Testing the Superpower 1968-1993

3
Economic Problems Emerge

• By the end of the 1960sthe prosperous economy
  of post War era was ending.
• 1970s- no productive advance equal to one years
  progress in previous 20 years.
• Median income of workers stagnated for next 20
  years!
• Standard of living lower than parents??

4
The First Moon Landing

• On July 20, 1969, Neil A. Armstrong became the
  first man to walk on the moon. He was joined by
  Edwin E. Buzz Aldrin, Jr., a fellow crewman on
  the Apollo 11 spacecraft.
• Television viewers around the world watched the
  moon landing, and Apollo 11s crew were treated
  as heroes when they returned.

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Economics in the 1970s

• Stagflation economic crisis of the 70s, 80s.
  inflation accompanied with low employment.
• Income for most Americans rose- but prices rose
  correspondingly therefore, there were no real
  income gains (70s,80s,90s).
• Cause unknown
• Rising oil prices (x 4 after 1973 )- OPEC placed
  an embargo on oil (after 73 Yom Kippur War) for
  US other countries due to friendly policies
  towards Israel.
• Aging US factories- not as efficient as German
  Japanese factories
• Shift from manufacturing to service economy jobs
• Military spending- Vietnam
• Indexed Social Security welfare

7
Nixon Foreign Policy

• Nixon Sec. of State Henry Kissinger (former
  Harvard Professor)
• Vietnamization Nixon policy of gradual
  withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam allow S.
  Vietnam to slowly take over the fighting.
• Nixon Doctrine- US would honor existing defense
  commitments, but in the future Asians others
  would have to fight their own wars without large
  numbers of US troops New Isolationism
• De-escalation- Nixon reduced troops to 30,000
• Jan. 1973- peace treaty is signed
• Nixon called on silent majority who supported
  the war for support
• Sent VP Spiro Agnew out to attack anti-war crowd

8
Fighting the war at home abroad

• 1968- The My Lai Massacre
• Oct. 1969- massive national Vietnam moratorium
  (Boston) Washington (150,000 plus)
• Jan. 1970- Vietnam war became longest was 3rd
  costliest war in US history
• Draft protests continued- blacks poor whites
  over represented in the draft. rich mans war,
  poor mans fight ends draft by 1973!
• Fighting in Vietnam
• Hard to distinguish who the enemy is where
• Drug abuse, mutiny, sabotage common among US
  troops fragging their own officers!

9
US Invasion of Cambodia THE Kent State massacre

• April 29, 1970- Invasion of Cambodia Nixon
  ordered US forces to join with S. Vietnamese
  forces to clean out Cambodia without consulting
  Congress. (1969- 1973- Nixon bombed Cambodia)
• Laos Cambodia used by the Viet Cong North
  Vietnamese used trails for supplies HO CHI
  MINH TRAIL
• Student Protests
• The Kent State Massacre - angry college
  students believed Nixon was widening the war-
  angry protests.
• Ohio National Guard fired into the crowd 4 dead
• Jackson State- Mississippi Highway Patrol fired
  at a dormitory killed 2
• June 1970- Nixon withdrew US troops from
  Cambodia

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Congress Reigns the President in

• The Senate withdrew the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Reduced draft calls, shortened period of
  draftability, on a lottery basis from 8 years to
  1.
• 26th Amendment (1971)- lowered voting age from 21
  to 18.
• 1973 War Powers Act- President must report
  to Congress within 48 hours after committing
  troops Congress could limit action to 60 days
  extend another 30.
• The Pentagon Papers
• Leaked to NY Times by former Defense Dept
  worker- Daniel Ellsberg - Nixon tried to block
  it-lost in Supreme Court.
• showed mistakes deceptions concerning Vietnam
  from Kennedy to LBJ.
• How US provoked N. Vietnamese to attack US ships
  in Gulf of Tonkin.

12
Nixon Detente

• 1969- Soviet Union China were fighting each
  other in border skirmishes in Asia each had
  rival interpretations of Marxism.
• Nixon- decided to play them against one another.
• Feb. 1972- Nixon traveled to China Shanghai
  Communiqué both nations agreed to normalize
  relations US acceptance of One China policy)
• May 1972- Nixon invited to USSR (1ST US president
  to visit) DÉTENTE (relaxing of tensions)
• 1972- 3 Year deal- US will sell USSR 750 million
  in food

13
Results of Détente

• ABM Treaty- 1st treaty limited defensive
  missiles.
• SALT I- (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)- froze
  numbers of ICBMs for 5 years.
• Both sides continued production of (defensive
  missiles 16,000 nuclear warheads by 1980s.
• Nixon Latin America
• 1970- Opposed election of Marxist Salvador
  Allende (Chile)
• Embargoed Chile
• CIA worked covertly to undermine Allende
  government
• 1973- Allende killed in a military coup- US
  backed new guy General Augusto Pinochet

14
Nixon The Burger Supreme Court

• 1969- Nixon nominated Warren E. Burger as chief
  justice to replace retiring Earl Warren
• 1971- court had 4 conservatives out of 9 on
  Supreme Court
• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg School Board
  (1971)- court ruled that busing could be used to
  integrate schools- controversial angered whites.
  
• Roe V. Wade (1973)- legalized abortion in the
  US.

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Nixon Domestic Policies

• Nixon expanded welfare programs
• Increased funding for food stamps, AFDC, Indexed
  Social Security
• Reduced nations poverty rate by 11 (still lowest
  in US history)
• Philadelphia Plan- required construction trade
  unions to set a timetable for hiring minorities-
  extended program to all federal contracts
• altered the meaning of affirmative action to
  include certain groups.
• LBJ- intended it to mainly protect individuals
• Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) outlawed
  intelligence tests that exclude minorities
  women.

16
Nixon the Environment

• Rachel Carson- Silent Spring (1962)- mother
  of the modern environmental movement.
• April 22, 1970- 1st Earth Day
• Created the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
  - 1970
• Clean Air Water Act (1970)
• Endangered Species Act (1973)
• 25th Amendment (1967)- Clarified the
  constitution- Article II, Section 1, Clause 6
  (does not specifically state if the VP becomes
  President or acting president).
• Incapacitated President VP IS President
• New President chooses new VP with consent of
  Congress

17
Nixon Battles Political Enemies

• Nixons suspicious and secretive nature caused
  the White House to operate as if it were
  surrounded by political enemies.
• Nixon-- developed enemies list
• Nixon ordered that wiretaps- even of his own
  staff
• In response, Nixon organized a special White
  House unit, nicknamed the Plumbers, to stop
  government leaks.
• In September 1971, the Plumbers broke into the
  office of Ellsbergs psychiatrist, hoping to
  punish Ellsberg by disclosing damaging personal
  information about him.

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The PLUMBERS

• Started campaign of dirty tricks that included
  IRS harassment and derailing of Democratic
  frontrunner Edmund Muskie.
• Used methods as calling New Hampshire voters in
  the middle of the night and claiming to be from
  Harlem for Muskee or putting signs around Florida
  stating Help Muskee in busing more children now
• Funded by Committee to Re-Elect the President
  (CREEP) which used highly questionable fund
  raising tactics and raised over 20 million

19
Election 1972

• Republican Richard Nixon promised to wind down
  the democrat war had reduced troop levels from
  540,000 to 30,000
• Kissinger announced that peace was at hand
• The Southern Strategy- Republicans appealed to
  white southern voters appointing conservative
  Justices, slowing Civil Rights, opposing school
  busing- led to Republicans being strong in South.
• Democrat George McGovern- promised to pull US
  troops out of the war within 90 days
• Watergate scandal began during the election
  (involved CREEP)
• Nixon won in a landslide!!

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The Watergate Break-In

• In March 1972, a group within the Committee to
  Reelect the President made plans to wiretap the
  phones at the Democratic National Committee
  Headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex
  in Washington, D.C.
• This group was led by E. Howard Hunt and G.
  Gordon Liddy. The groups first attempt failed.
  During their second attempt on June 17, 1972,
  five men were arrested.
• The money they carried was traced directly to
  Nixons reelection campaign, linking the break-in
  to the campaign.
• The break-in and the cover-up which resulted
  became known as the Watergate scandal.

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The Watergate Cover-up

• Although Nixon had not been involved in the
  break-in, he became involved in its coverup.
• He illegally authorized the CIA to try to
  persuade the FBI to stop its investigation of the
  break-in, on the grounds that the matter involved
  national security.
• Nixon advisors launched a scheme to bribe the
  Watergate defendants into silence, as well as
  coaching them on how to lie in court.

23
VP Spiro Agnew-Oct 1973

• Nixons belligerent Vice-President who took on
  opponents much like Nixon did for Ike
• Alliteratively referred to hopeless, hysterical
  hypochondriacs of history
• Pleaded no contest to bribe charges, resigns
  from office in late 1973
• Gerald Ford replaces Agnew as VP (25th Amendment
  used for 1st Time)

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The WATERGATE Trials

• Nixon administration denied any knowledge
• Burglars were convicted in January 1973 and,
  despite offers of 400K in hush money from White
  House Counsel John Dean, one of the burglars
  started to talk
• Washington Post reporters, Carl Bernstein and Bob
  Woodward began to expose cover-up

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The Scandal Unfolds

• The Watergate Trial
• At the trial of the Watergate burglars in early
  1973, all the defendants either pleaded guilty or
  were found guilty.
• Judge John J. Sirica, presiding over the trial,
  was not convinced that the full story had been
  told.
• sentenced the burglars to long prison terms,
  suggesting that their terms could be reduced if
  they cooperated with upcoming Senate hearings on
  Watergate.
• Senate held Watergate hearings led by NC Senator
  Sam Ervin Jr.

26
WATERGATE Hearings

• In February 1973, the Senate voted to establish a
  select committee to investigate the scandal
• In April, 3 of Nixons top aides resigned after
  their implication and Dean, who was getting
  nervous, was fired while press secretary Ron
  Zeigler declared all previous statements on the
  subject inoperative

27
WATERGATE Hearings

• In May, the Senate Watergate Committee chaired by
  Sam Ervin of North Carolina began nationally
  televised hearings
• On June 14, Jeb Magruder, former Asst. Sec of
  Commerce, confessed his guilt and implicated
  Attorney General John Mitchell, John Dean and
  others
• Dean then implicated Nixon and an aide revealed
  that there was a secret taping system in the
  White House

28
The Saturday Night Massacre

• May 1973 Nixon agreed to the appointment of a
  special prosecutor for the Watergate affair.
• A special prosecutor works for the Justice
  Department and conducts an investigation into
  claims of wrongdoing by government officials.
• The Watergate special prosecutor, Archibald Cox,
  insisted that Nixon release the White House
  tapes.
• Nixon ordered Attorney-General Elliot Richardson
  to fire Cox on Saturday, October 20, 1973,
  leading Richardson and the asst. Attorney-General
  to resign. The third in line to the
  Attorney-General Robert Bork fired Cox.
• known as the Saturday Night Massacre.

29
Impeachment Hearings and Nixons Resignation

• After the Saturday Night Massacre, Congress began
  the process of determining if they should impeach
  the President, or charge him with misconduct
  while in office.
• Summer of 1974, the House Judiciary Committee
  voted to impeach Nixon on numerous charges.
  Conviction, and removal from office, seemed
  likely.
• The US vs. Nixon (1973)- Court ordered Nixon to
  turn over Whitehouse tapes President could not
  claim executive privilege.
• On August 5, 1974, Nixon released the White House
  tapes, with an 18 1/2 minute gap. Even with this
  gap, the tapes revealed his involvement in the
  Watergate cover-up.
• On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, the first
  President ever to do so. Gerald Ford was sworn
  in as the new President.

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RESIGNATION

• A delegation of the most senior members of
  Congress, led by Barry Goldwater, informed the
  President that no more than 15 Senators still
  supported him
• On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned
• Vice President Gerald Ford became President

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Vietnam Watergate AFTERMATH

• 26th Amendment gave 18 year olds the right to
  vote.
• In middle of crisis, Congress, over Nixons veto
  had passed the 1973-War Powers Act- limited
  presidential commitment of troops overseas to 60
  days, after that required to get congressional
  approval
• 1974 strengthened Freedom of Information Act gave
  citizens greater access to files that federal
  government agencies had on them
• Fair Campaign Practices Act of 1974 limited
  campaign contributions and provided for stricter
  accountability and public financing of
  presidential campaigns
• Independent Counsel Act of 1978 required Attorney
  General, in cases of suspected criminal activity
  in the executive branch, to call on three federal
  judges to appoint a special prosecutor
• American distrust of its government, credibility
  gap

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• Gerald Ford Presidency
• (1974 to 1977)

• Only non-elected VP and President.
• Famous quote HEALING PROCESS MUST BEGIN
• Pardoned Richard Nixon and granted amnesty or
  pardon
• Did little domestically or in foreign affairs
  because Congress was controlled by the Democrats.
• Instituted campaign to
  Whip Inflation Now (WIN)
• He was a Republican
• 1975, Saigon fall to the North Vietnam and
  Vietnam was united under Communism.
• HELSINKI ACCORDS

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The Helsinki Accords

• Helsinki Accords Ford other leaders (34
  nations) met in Finland signed treaty that
  settled Soviet dictated boundaries for Poland
  Eastern bloc countries officially ended WWII
• 3RD set of agreements Soviets guaranteed liberal
  exchanges of people between East West human
  rights
• USSR was still spreading communism!!

35
Vietnam

• 1973- Last US troops left Vietnam
• 1975- North Vietnam invaded S. Vietnam South
  Vietnam fell to the Communists Vietnam became
  Communist
• Capital - Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City
• April 1975- Last remaining American citizens
  140,000 South Vietnamese rescued from Vietnam
• Vietnamese refugees allowed to settle in the US
• Costs of Vietnam
• 118 Billion
• 56,000 dead
• 300,000 wounded
• Lost face to foreigners, lost self-esteem, lost
  confidence, reduced economic clout

36
2nd Wave Feminism

• Betty Friedan- The Feminist Mystique (1963)
• Co-Founder of N.O.W. (National Organization of
  Women)-1966 (Shirley Chisholm co-founder also)
• 1960s- Robin Morgan -founded W.I.T.C.H. (Womens
  International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell)-
  radical wing of feminism.
• Rape crisis centers battered womens shelters
  appear 1960s
• 1972- Title IX- prohibits sex discrimination in
  any federally assisted educational program
  created opportunities for womens athletics in
  schools colleges.
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)- pushed by feminists
  was defeated in 1982 by opponents (Phyllis
  Schlafly)

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Second Wave Feminism

• Gains Affirmative action applied to women, Title
  IX, Shirley Chisholm (1st woman candidate for
  Pres. 1972 election-Democrat)
• 1984- Geraldine Ferraro- ran for VP on Mondale
  ticket
• 2008 - Hillary Clinton
• 1980- women are 51 of workforce, sexual
  harassment in workplace outlawed make big gains
  in university admission graduate school.
• Conflict/Disappointments
• Phyllis Schafley among female opponents who
  stopped ERA from being passed.
• Divorce rate 82 in 1970s
• Issues divide women as politics of resentment
  goes up- race, gender, abortion, sexual
  orientation

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Civil Rights in the 1970s

• Civil Rights movement had fracturedbut
• US v. Wheeler (1972) ruled that Native American
  tribes had a unique limited sovereignty subject
  to Congress but, not the STATES tax free
  reservations, casinos, gambling etc.
• Milliken v. Bradley (1974)- cant require
  students move across school district lines in
  order to desegregate reinforced encouraged
  white flight
• 1978- Bakke v. University of California at
  Davis (Berkeley)- court ruled that preference
  could not be given solely on basis of race alone
  for admissions, but could be used in overall
  policy.

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Election of 1976-Bicenteniel

• Republican Gerald Ford
• Democrat Jimmy Carter- former Governor of
  Georgia, born again Christian, peanut famer (dark
  horse candidate)
• I will never lie to the American people.-Carter

40
Jimmy Carters Presidency

• Americans were attracted to Carter
• Washington outsider
• Unwilling to participate in consensus politics,
  alienates key Democrats
• Human Rights Diplomacy
• Panama Canal
• Camp David Accords (1978)
• Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)
• Soviet Afghan Invasion (1980)
• Inflation
• Rising Interest Rates
• Gives crisis of confidence speech reflecting
  what voters see in him
• Loses re-election campaign to Reagan

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Carter Presidency- Foreign Policy

• Overriding element pushing his foreign policy was
  Human Rights
• UN Ambassador Andrew Young- spoke out on behalf
  of Africans who were oppressed
• Camp David Accords (1978)- peace agreement
  between Egypt Israel.
• 1979- Panama Canal to be turned over to
  Panamanians by year 2000.
• Full diplomatic relations with China (1st time in
  33 years).

42
Camp David Accords

• Carter brings Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and
  Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin together
  for negotiation
• Historic treaty gives Israel first recognition by
  Arab nation
• Camp David Peace
  Accords signed
  in 1978
• Greatest feat of
  Carters presidency

43
Iranian Hostage Crisis

• 1979-Fundamentalist Muslim movement overthrows
  Shah of Iran for Ayatollah
  Khomeini
• US allows Shah in
  country for medical
  treatment
• Iranians take 52
  Americans in embassy hostage - hold until
  Carter leaves office-444 days

44
Iranian Hostage Crisis-1979

• Dominated TV news daily Ted Koppel Nightline
  show began
• Carter oked a rescue mission by US Special
  forces ends in disaster 8 US service men dead
• Carter seen as weak for not being able to
  rescue hostages dominated his last year in
  office.
• Hostages finally released the day Reagan was
  inaugurated (1981)

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The Iranian Hostage Crisis
46
Carter the Soviets

• USSR invaded Afghanistan (Dec. 1979) next to oil
  rich Iran
• Carter ordered embargo of grain technology to
  the USSR boycotted the Olympics.
• USSR was bogged down in Afghanistan for a decade
  Russia's Vietnam

47
Carter Domestic Issues

• Economy was still stagnant (inflation continued)
• Prime interest rate 20 (1980)
• Foreign trade was now higher of GNP US must
  take part in Global economy
• Federal budget deficit 60 Billion (1980)
• Carter believed that US dependence on foreign
  oil was detrimental
• Created-- Department of Energy
• Legislation to create better MPG for cars
• Cut taxes by 18 Billion
• Economic malaise continued

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1970s the Energy Crisis

• Oct. 1967- The Six Day War Israelis vs. Jordan,
  Syria, Egypt backed by most of the Arab
  countries.
• Israel took control-Sinai Peninsula, Gaza
• 1973- Syria Egypt attacked Israel US sent
  airlift supplies (warned USSR)
• OPEC- raised prices embargo US in 1970s
• US builds Alaska pipeline
• Sets speed limit at 55
• Advocates DEMANDED more coal nuclear power
• 1948 onUS IS A NET IMPORTER OF OIL MASKED BY
  HUGE 25 YEAR SUPPLY AFTER WWII.

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The Love Canal Incident (1978)

• 1940s Hooker Chemical Co. given permission to
  dump chemical waste in canal.
• Dumpsite operational until 1953covered with soil
  vegetation.
• School Board coerced Hooker Chemical to sale the
  site for new schools- 1
• Over time-schools communities were built near
  the site.
• 1976- water tests revealed chemicals in drinking
  water 1978- birth defects noted
• Lois Gibbs spent years getting company
  government to clean up take care of community

52
The Three Mile Island Accident

• March 28, 1979- a core meltdown occurred at the
  Three Mile Island Nuclear Facility.
• Near Harrisburg, Penn.
• Most significant in history of USA nuclear
  commercial power
• Released 13 million curies of radioactive gases
  20 curies of iodine-131 (rated a 5 on a 7 scale)
• 140,000 people evacuated (voluntarily)
• Clean-up-1979-1993 (1 Billion)
• Emboldened Anti-Nuke activists
• Since TMI-no authorization for new nuclear
  power plants in US!!

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