Ch. 23 Section 2

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Ch. 23Section 2

• Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

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The Assembly Reforms France

• The Rights of Man
• National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the
  Rights of Man and of the Citizens
• Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, Liberty,
  Equality, Fraternity!

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• A State-Controlled Church
• National Assembly seizes church lands, turns
  clergy into public officials
• This action alarms many peasants, who are devout
  Catholics

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
August 26, 1789

• Liberty!
• Property!
• Resistance to oppression!
• Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen Posed New Dilemmas

1. Did women have equal rights with men?
2. What about free blacks in the colonies?
3. How could slavery be justified if all men were
   born free?
4. Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews
   include equal political rights?

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Louis Tries to Escape

• Louis, worried about his future, attempts to
  leave France
• Revolutionaries catch the royal family near the
  Austrian Netherlands border
• Forced to return back to Paris

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The French Monarchy1775 - 1793
Marie Antoinette Louis XVI
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Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children
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The Royal Family Attempts to Flee
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Divisions Develop

• A Limited Monarchy
• In September, 1791 Assembly finishes new
  constitution
• Stripped king of much of his authority
• Created Legislative Assembly
• New body created to pass laws
• Had ability to approve/reject declarations of war

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Factions Split France

• Major problems including debt, food shortages
  remain
• Assembly split
• Radicals-(left)
• Opposed monarchy
• Wanted sweeping changes in government
• Moderates-(center)
• Wanted some changes in government
• Conservatives-(right)
• Limited monarchy
• Few changes in government

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• Émigrés-nobles who flee country, want Old Regime
  back in power
• San-culottes - lower class who want more change
  from the Revolution

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War and Execution

• Problems with other countries
• Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of
  France France declares war (Legislative Assembly)

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France at War summer of 1792

• Prussian forces soon threaten to attack Paris
• Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards
• Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000, many
  of whom support the king
• Pressured by the mob, Legislative Assembly
  deposes the king, then dissolves, new legislative
  body forms
• National Convention takes office in September,
  forming French republic

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Jacobins Take Control

• Radical political organization behind the 1792
  governmental changes
• After a close vote, Louis XVI found guilty of
  treason and beheaded by guillotine

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The Jacobins
Jacobin Meeting House

• They held their meetings in the library of a
  former Jacobin monastery in Paris.
• Started as a debating society.
• Membership mostly middle class.
• Created a vast network of clubs.

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Guillotine Facts

• Total weight of a guillotine is about 1278 lbs.
• The guillotine metal blade weighs about 88.2 lbs.
• The height of guillotine posts average about 14
  feet
• The falling blade has a rate of speed of about 21
  feet/second
• Just the actual beheading takes 2/100 of a second
• The time for the guillotine blade to fall down to
  where it stops takes 70th of a second

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The War Continues

• French army wins great victory against Prussians
  and Austrians
• In 1793, Britain, Spain, and Holland join forces
  against France
• National Convention forces draft of 300,000 to
  reinforce army

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The Terror Grips France

• Divided Country
• Not all people in France support all changes of
  the Revolution

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Robespierre Assumes Control

• Maximilien Robespierre Jacobin leader rules
  France for a year
• Becomes leader of the Committee for Public
  Safety, a dictator

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• Reign of Terror Robespierres rule, which
  includes killing many opponents
• Thousands die during the Terror, including former
  allies and Marie Antoinette
• 85 of those killed are middle or lower class

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Different Social Classes Executed
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8
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End of the Terror

• Another Change in Government
• In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed
• Terror results in public opinion shifting away
  from radical beliefs
• Moderate leaders write new constitution
• Two-house legislature and five-man Directory
  restore order
• New government makes Napoleon Bonaparte commander
  of armies

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Triumph of the Third Estate