By: Monica Pilarski David Bernstein Jenny Smith

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By Monica Pilarski David BernsteinJenny
Smith
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The Sciences

• Cloning comes from the Greek word klwn meaning
  twig. The reason? Its simple, every plant you
  buy at any garden center is a clone of some
  distant relative, which once supplied a
  side-shoot for rooting.

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The Procedures

• Cloning is a long and rigorous process that
  includes many step by step procedures. Here is a
  brief overview of some of the steps.
• Using a laparoscope, scientists retrieve eggs
  from the female subject.
• Next, they place the eggs under a microscope and
  use a pipette to puncture them and extract the
  nuclei out of the cells.
• Later, they isolate the nucleus and use a mild
  electrical shock to coax the nucleus into moving
  into the genetically empty egg.
• After days of monitoring the health of the
  resulting clone, the fertilized egg is then
  inserted into the mother to begin its new stage
  of development.

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Benefits

• One of the most valuable benefits that cloning
  has, is the ability to clone healthy human
  organs.
• Scientists have stated that cloning can be used
  to clone a healthy organ of some sort and replace
  the damaged with the new healthy one.
• A specific example is that of a heart - by being
  able to treat heart attack victims by cloning
  their healthy heart cells and injecting them into
  the areas of the heart that have been damaged.
• Cloning can also benefit humans in other ways
  such as repairing defective genes, replacing
  cancer cells, and helping infertility.

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Dolly

• Dolly was not created by the normal union of a
  sperm and egg cell from two parents. Instead,
  she was created from the sex cells of one sheep.
  
• Dolly was created in a glass dish where the
  nucleus of a cell was taken from an adult sheep
  and inserted into an egg.
• The successful cloning of Dolly brings us a step
  closer in being able to clone humans.

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The Ethics

• Cloning is one of the most controversial issues
  in todays society due to every persons own set
  of moral beliefs.
• There are many different policies that must be
  considered when conducting clinical research.

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7 Ethical Requirements of Clinical Research

1. Value - when doing experimentation with cloning,
   we must first decide whether or not the
   conclusions will lead to some sort of improvement
   in health and well-being.
2. Scientific Validity there must be a clear
   objective for cloning. Cloning research must be
   based on proven scientific knowledge and methods.
   
3. Fair Subject Selection - In choosing subjects to
   take part in cloning, there mustnt be any biases
   or discrimination.
4. Favorable risk-benefit ratio - minimize the risk
   and maximize the benefits of cloning.
5. Independent Review A board reviews the topics
   and ethical issues of cloning.
6. Informed Consent When human cloning begins it
   will be relevant that the subject give consent to
   the experimentation.
7. Respect for Enrolled Subjects Those who take
   place in cloning research or processes must be
   guaranteed their human rights and be given the
   proper respect.

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The Law

• There have been numerous bills that have been
  introduced into Congress to prohibit or control
  cloning practices.
• Congress explains that cloning is illegal in the
  following terms It shall be unlawful for any
  person or entity
• 1) to perform or attempt human cloning
• 2) to participate in an attempt to perform human
  cloning
• 3) to ship or receive the product of human
  cloning for any purpose.
• Federal funding of cloning is prohibited in the
  US.

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• National Institute of Health
• Research should be allowed on preexisting
  embryos.
• In certain compelling instances, researchers
  would be allowed to remove embryonic cells from
  embryos that were meant for in vitro
  fertilization.
• Impregnating clone embryos into humans should be
  banned.

• National Bioethics Advisory Commission
• It is morally unacceptable for anyone in public
  or private sector to clone humans.
• Any attempt to clone humans is irresponsible and
  unethical.
• It is ok to clone DNA sequences, cell lines, and
  animals because it does not raise the issues
  human cloning does.
• There should be regulations on the humane use of
  animals.

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