U.S. and the Shadow of War

1
U.S. and the Shadow of War
2
The London Conference

• An international meeting set up to create a
  coordinated attack on the Great Depression
• The main goal was to stabilize the exchange rate
  for global currencies.
• Roosevelt did not want to be tied to an
  international agreement that could affect
  Americas recovery. It reemphasized Americas
  isolationism.

3
Freedom for the Philippines

• Passed the Tydings McDuffie act in 1934
• U.S. plans to give the Philippines their
  independence on July 4,1946.
• U.S. would give up their army bases, but keep the
  naval bases.
• Why? To cut down on Filipino labor from coming
  into the U.S. and to eliminate Filipino sugar
• Japan sees this as the U.S. retreating from Asia

4
Recognition of the Soviet Union

• U.S. formally recognizes the Soviet Union in
  1933.
• Roosevelt hoped for trade with Soviet Russia
• Hoped to use the Russians as a power
  counterbalance between Germany in Europe and
  Japan in Asia

5
FDRs Good Neighbor Policy

• Important to have all nations in the Western
  Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions.
• FDR ? The good neighbor respects himself and the
  rights of others.
• Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.

6
FDRs Good Neighbor Policy

• Acid test in Mexico
• 1938, Mexican government seizes American oil
  interest
• American investors demanded armed intervention
• 1941 a settlement was agreed upon
• Roosevelts negotiations led to an era of
  friendliness in the Western Hemisphere

7
Reciprocal Trade Agreement

• Roosevelt believed that trade was a two way
  street.
• He wished to lower tariffs as much as 50 to
  encourage trade.
• By 1939 twenty-one nations signed treaties of
  reciprocity with the U.S.

8
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy

• Fascism an aggressive nationalism
• The nation is more important than the individual
• Strongly anti-Communist
• Mussolini portrayed his party as the wall between
  Communism and the ownership of property and the
  Middle class.
• He promised full employment

9
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy

• In 1922 leads a march on Rome to protect the
  nation
• Conservatives get the King of italy to name
  Mussolini premier.
• With the backing of industrialist, landowners and
  the Catholic Church, Mussolini takes over the
  government
• He is called Il Duce

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Adolf Hitler and Germany

• A strong anti-communist and admirer of Mussolini
• Helped form the Nationalist Socialist Workers
  Party or Nazi Party
• Led a rebellion in Munich in 1923 and tried to
  seize power. The power grab known as the
  Beerhall Putszh failed and Hitler was
  imprisoned
• While in prison wrote a book called Mein Kampf.

12
Mein Kampf

• Called for unification of all German people
• A master race of blonde blue-eyed Germans
  called Aryans
• Lebensraum or living space get the land from
  the East from the inferior Slavic people who
  would be enslaved.
• Blaming the Jews for the worlds problems and
  the German loss in World War I

13
Mein Kampf

• 1925 Copy of Hitler's Mein Kampf

14
The Rise to Power

• Hitler persuaded the German government to lift
  its ban on the Nazi party.
• In 1928, the Nazis polled just 810,000 votes in
  German elections however, in 1930 after the
  Depression began, they polled 6 ½ million votes.
• Two years later, Hitler ran for president he
  lost, but received 13 ½ million votes--37 percent
  of all votes cast.
• The Nazis had suddenly become the single largest
  party in the German parliament.
• In January 1933, Germany's president named Hitler
  chancellor. The German elite thought they could
  control Hitler
• A year and a half later Hitler was Germany's
  dictator.

15
Hitlers Germany

• Hitler's government outlawed labor unions,
  imposed newspaper censorship, and decreed that
  the Nazis would constitute Germany's only
  political party.
• The regime established a secret police force, the
  Gestapo, to suppress all opposition and required
  all children, 10 years and older, to join youth
  organizations designed to indoctrinate Nazi
  beliefs.
• By 1935, Hitler had transformed Germany into a
  fascist state. The government exercised total
  control over all political, economic, and
  cultural activities.

16
Hitlers Germany

• Replacing crucifixes in some German houses were
  Hitler Corners which were suppose to bring good
  luck to families
• The Volkswagen was created by Ferdinand Porsche
  so that all Germans could afford automobiles
• Rest farms create so women could breed the
  perfect Aryan child.

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Nazi Germany
18
Nazi Germany

• Anti-Semitism was an integral part of Hitler's
  political program.
• The 1935 Nuremberg Laws forbade intermarriages,
  restricted property rights, and barred Jews from
  the civil service, the universities, and all
  professional and managerial occupations.
• On the night of November 9, 1939--a night now
  known as Kristallnacht (the night of the broken
  glass)--the Nazis imprisoned more than 20,000
  Jews in concentration camps and destroyed more
  than 200 synagogues and 7,500 Jewish businesses

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Militarist Take Control of Japan

• Economics in Japan collapsed because Japan had to
  import the majority of their resources
• Japanese military officers blamed the problems on
  corrupt politicians
• Believed that democracy was
• un-Japanese and bad for the country

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Japan Invades Manchuria

• Japanese officers invade resource rich Manchuria
  without government permission
• When the Japanese Prime Minister tried to
  negotiate a peace, he was assassinated.
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• Japan viewed themselves as the future of Asia

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Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931)

• League of Nations condemned the action.
• Japan leaves the League.
• Hoover wanted no part in an American military
  action in the Far East.

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Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine(1932)

• US would not recognize any territorial
  acquisitions that were achieved by force.
• Japan was infuriated because the US hadconquered
  new territories a few decades earlier.
• Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932 ? massive
  casualties.

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Nye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)

• The Nye Committee Iinvestigated the charge that
  WW I was needless and the US entered so
  munitions owners could make big profits
  merchants of death.
• The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war
  to protect their loans arms manufacturers to
  make money.
• Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by
  sailing in to warring nations waters.
• Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality
  Acts.

Senator Gerald P. Nye R-ND
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Ludlow Amendment (1938)

• A proposed amendment to the Constitution that
  called for a national referendum on any
  declaration of war by Congress.
• Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow.
• Never actually passed.

Congressman Louis LudlowD-IN
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Neutrality Acts 1935, 1936, 1937

• When the President proclaimed the existence of a
  foreign war, certain restrictions would
  automatically go into effect
• Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.
• Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent
  nations.
• Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations
  at war in contrast to WW I.
• Non-military goods must be purchased on a
  cash-and-carry basis ? pay when goods are
  picked up.
• Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
• This limited the options of the President in a
  crisis.
• America in the 1930s declined to build up its
  forces!

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US Neutrality
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Rome Berlin Tokyo Axis

• 1936 - Hitler and Mussolini signed a treaty
  pledging cooperation on international issues
• 1936 Japan aligned itself with Germany and
  Italy with the Anti-Comintern Pact
• Became known as the Axis Powers

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Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
The American Lincoln Brigade
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Spanish Civil War

• The Civil War devastated Spain from July 17,1936
  to April 1, 1939, ending with the victory of the
  rebels and the founding of a dictatorship led by
  the General Francisco Franco who was supported by
  Fascist, army officers, landowners and the
  Catholic Church
• A preliminary of World War 2 Germany and Italy
  supported Franco while the Soviets supported the
  Coalition of Republicans

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Japan Moves

• 1937 the Japanese attack China from Manchuria
• The Japanese armed forces were surprised by the
  level of Chinese resistance that preceded the
  fall of Shanghai and took out their frustration
  on the civilians and soldiers who surrendered the
  city of Nanking in December of 1937.
• Realistic estimates indicate that 300,000
  Chinese civilians and soldiers were killed and
  that Japanese soldiers raped tens of thousands of
  the citys women.

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Panay Incident (1937)

• December 12, 1937.
• Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat threeStandard
  Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River.
• The river was an international waterway.
• Japan was testing US resolve!
• Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and
  promised no further attacks.
• Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.
• Results ? Japanese interpreted US tone as a
  license for further aggression
  against US interests.

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Italian Aggression

• One of Mussolini's goals was to create an Italian
  empire in North Africa.
• In 1912 and 1913, Italy had conquered Libya.
• In 1935, he provoked war with Ethiopia,
  conquering the country in eight months.

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Germany Strikes

• 1935, he publicly announced that he was building
  an air force and a 550,000-man army. He also
  declared that Germany would have a peacetime
  draft, a clear violation of the Treaty of
  Versailles.
• 1936, German troops re-occupied the Rhineland,
  the German-speaking region between the Rhine
  River and France.
• France and Great Britain did not oppose Hitler's
  bold advance, for they believed (or wanted to
  believe) the Rhineland would satisfy his
  ambitions.

38
Germany Strikes

• Intent on reuniting all German-speaking peoples
  of Europe under the "Third Reich," Hitler annexed
  Austria in 1938 and imprisoned the country's
  chancellor.
• Once again, the British and the French
  acquiesced, hoping Austria would be Hitler's last
  stop.
• Later that year, he demanded the Sudentenland,
  the German-speaking region of western
  Czechoslovakia.

39
Germany Strikes

• In September 1938, Edouard Daladier, the premier
  of France, and Neville Chamberlain, Britain's
  prime minister, met with Hitler in Munich,
  Germany, to determine whether he had further
  designs on Europe.
• Fearing they could not count on each other to use
  force, British and French leaders eagerly
  accepted Hitler's promises not to seek additional
  territory in Europe.

40
Germany Strikes

• Upon arriving in England, Chamberlain told his
  anxious countrymen that he had returned with an
  agreement that guaranteed "peace in our time."
• In less than a year, Munich would become
  synonymous with shameful appeasement, and
  Chamberlain would be vilified for believing
  Hitler's lies

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Germany Strikes

• In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union
  signed a non-aggression treaty.
• In exchange for the pact, Hitler agreed to grant
  the Soviet Union a sphere of influence over
  eastern Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, and
  Bessarabia (northeastern Romania), while Stalin
  approved Germany's designs on western Poland and
  Lithuania.
• With his eastern front protected from attack,
  Hitler was now prepared for war.

43
World War 2 Begins

• At daybreak on September 1, 1939, mechanized
  German forces broke across the Polish border,
  while German bombers and fighters attacked Polish
  railroads from the air. On September 17, Russia
  attacked Poland from the east. Within three
  weeks, Poland was overrun.

44
World War 2 Begins

• New military strategy known as blitzkrieg
  (lightning war). Blitzkrieg stressed speed,
  force, and surprise and closely coordinating air
  power and mechanized ground forces.
• Britain and France declared war on Germany on
  September 3, 1939, two days after the German
  invasion began. But the two countries did little
  while Poland fell.

45
1939 Neutrality Act

• In response to Germanys invasion of Poland.
• FDR persuades Congress in special session to
  allow the US to aid European democracies in a
  limited way
• The US could sell weapons to the European
  democracies on a cash-and-carry basis.
• FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which
  US ships and citizens could not enter.
• Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act
• Aggressors could not send ships to buy US
  munitions.
• The US economy improved as European demands for
  war goods helped bring the country out of the
  1937-38 recession.
• America becomes the Arsenal of Democracy.

46
1940

• France moved its troops to its famous Maginot
  Line, a supposedly invincible line of defensive
  fortification built to protect France's eastern
  border. No fighting took place in late 1939 and
  1940, leading people to call this a "phony war."
• Hitler captured Denmark and Norway
• The capture of Norway forces Chamberlain to
  resign and hes replaced by Winston Churchill

47
1940

• Winston Churchill, who (since 1932) had been
  warning people about the danger Hitler posed
• Churchill told the British people that he had
  nothing to offer them but "blood, toil, tears,
  and sweat" in their fight to resist foreign
  aggression

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France

• May 1940, Hitler began his assault on Western
  Europe. He outflanked France's Maginot Line by
  attacking Belgium, Luxembourg, and the
  Netherlands before driving his forces into France
  
• British expeditionary force rushed across the
  English Channel to try to stop the German
  offensive.
• However, a German tank thrust forced the British
  to retreat to the French seaport of Dunkirk.
• With the British force nearly surrounded, Hitler
  had a chance to crush his opponents. But
  Britain's Royal Air Force held off German bombers
  long enough to allow a flotilla of yachts,
  ferries, and fishing boat to evacuate 338,000
  allied troops across the English Channel.

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Anglo-U.S. Friendship

• British forces had been driven from the
  continent.
• Worse yet, they had been forced to leave their
  weapons and tanks behind.
• Britain turned to the United States for help.
  President Roosevelt responded to the Dunkirk
  disaster by ordering U.S. military arsenals to
  send all available war materiel to Britain to
  replace the lost equipment.

51
The Fall of France

• During World War I, France held out against the
  Germans for four years.
• This time, French resistance lasted two weeks.
  Germany began its assault on France on June 5 a
  German troop entered Paris on June 14 and on
  June 22, a new French government, made up of
  pro-German sympathizers, was set up at Vichy.
• In just six weeks, Germany had conquered most of
  continental Europe.

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The Battle of Britain

• Hitler sought to occupy Britain.
• Convinced that Britain would negotiate with him
  (in order to keep control of its empire), Hitler
  decided against an immediate invasion.
• Churchill, however, refused to bargain.
  Defiantly, he told his people that he would
  resist any German assault "We shall fight on the
  beaches...we shall fight in the streets...we
  shall never surrender."

54
The Battle of Britain

• Hitler was furious. First, he unleashed German
  submarines against British shipping.
• Then, in July, he sent his air force, the
  Luftwaffe, to destroy Britain from the air.
• At the time the assault began, the Royal Air
  Force (RAF) had just 704 serviceable planes,
  while Germany had 2,682 bombers and fighters
  ready for action.
• Throughout July and August, the Luftwaffe
  attacked airfields and radar stationed on
  Britain's southern and eastern coast

55
The Battle of Britain

• Next, in September Hitler shifted strategy and
  began to bomb civilian targets in London.
• These air raids, known as the blitz, continued
  through the fall and winter.
• In May 1941, the blitz ended. While outnumbered,
  the RAF had won the Battle of Britain.
• Churchill expressed his nation's gratitude with
  the famous words "Never in the field of human
  conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."

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Hitler Lies!!!!

• Hitler shifted strategy and invaded the Soviet
  Union. The attack, which began on June 22, 1941,
  violated the German-Soviet nonaggression pact.
• Hitler's goal was to seize Soviet food and oil
  and to capture slave labor for Germany.
• At first, the Nazi war machine seemed
  invincible by fall, Hitler's armies had overrun
  the grain fields of Ukraine and were approaching
  Moscow and Leningrad.
• But instead of pressing ahead toward Moscow, as
  his generals advised, Hitler decided to seize
  Leningrad and occupy the Ukraine.
• By the time he was ready to advance on Moscow,
  temperatures had plunged to 40 degrees below
  zero. In the frigid cold, German troops suffered
  frostbite, and their equipment broke down.

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America First Committee
Charles Lindbergh
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FDR Supports England

• Two days after Britain and France declared war
  against Germany, President Roosevelt declared the
  United States neutral.

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FDR Supports England

• The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed warring
  countries to buy weapons from the United States
  as long as they paid cash and carried the arms
  away on their own ships.

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FDR Supports England (cont.)

• President Roosevelt used a loophole in the
  Neutrality Act of 1939 and sent 50 old American
  destroyers to Britain in exchange for the right
  to build American bases on British-controlled
  Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean islands.

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The Isolationist Debate

• The America First Committee opposed any American
  intervention or aid to the Allies.

Charles Lindberg giving a speech for America
First
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The Isolationist Debate

• After the German invasion of France and the
  rescue of Allied forces at Dunkirk, American
  public opinion changed to favor limited aid to
  the Allies.

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Section 4-9
The Isolationist Debate (cont.)

• President Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented
  third term as president in the election of 1940.

• Both Roosevelt and the Republican candidate,
  Wendell Willkie, said they would keep the United
  States neutral but assist the Allied forces.

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The Isolationist Debate

• Roosevelt won by a large margin.

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You Dont Say 1-1
"Suppose my neighbor's home catches fire, and I
have a length of garden hose four or five hundred
feet away. If he can take my garden hose and
connect it up with his hydrant, I may help him to
put out his fire...I don't say to him before that
operation, "Neighbor, my garden hose cost me 15
you have to pay me 15 for it."... I don't want
15--I want my garden hose back after the fire is
over. " - Franklin Roosevelt (March 1941)
In support of the Lend-Lease Act
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Edging Toward War

• Congress passed the act by a wide margin.

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Lend-Lease Act (1941)
Great Britain.........................31
billionSoviet Union...........................11
billionFrance...................................
... 3 billionChina..............................
.........1.5 billionOther European..............
...500 millionSouth America...................4
00 millionThe amount totaled 48,601,365,000
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Pearl Harbor
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Japan Attacks the United States

• When Britain began moving its warships from
  Southeast Asia to the Atlantic, Roosevelt
  introduced policies to discourage the Japanese
  from attacking the British Empire.

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• In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control
  Act, giving Roosevelt the power to restrict the
  sale of strategic materialsmaterials important
  for fighting a warto other countries.

• Roosevelt immediately blocked the sale of
  airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan.
• The Japanese signed an alliance with Germany and
  Italy.

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• By July 1941, Japanese aircraft posed a direct
  threat to the British Empire.

• Roosevelt responded to the threat by freezing all
  Japanese assets in the United States and reducing
  the amount of oil shipped to Japan.
• .

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• The Japanese decided to attack resource-rich
  British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia,
  seize the Philippines, and attack Pearl Harbor.

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• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,
  sinking or damaging 21 ships of the U.S. Pacific
  Fleet, killing 2,403 Americans, and injuring
  hundreds more.

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Beginning in 1931, ten years before Japan
attacked, every graduate of the Japanese Naval
Academy had to answer the following question as
part of their final examination The question
remained on the cadets exam every year until the
beginning of the war in the Pacific. It is not
known if the Japanese high command used any of
the answers from the ten-year period while
planning the real attack.
How would you carry out a surprise attack on
Pearl Harbor?
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• The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress
  to declare war on Japan.

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Yesterday, December 7, 1941 a date which
will live in infamy the United States of
America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by
naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan . . .
I have directed that all measures be taken for
our defense . . . No matter how long it may take
us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the
American people in their righteous might will win
through to absolute victory.
Franklin D. Roosevelt  
December 8, 1941
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• On December 11, 1941, Japans allies Germany
  and Italydeclared war on the United States.

• According to the Axis treaty, Hitler did not have
  to declare war on the U.S. (only if Japan was
  attacked)
• Hitler grew frustrated with the U.S. Navys
  attacks on German subs in the Atlantic and the
  Lend-Lease Act

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Both a Top Secret Army Board Report and a Joint
Congressional Committee concluded in 1945 that
there was in fact a cover-up in U.S. intelligence
toward Pearl Harbor - not made public because of
what it would do to moral ARMY BOARD, 1944
"everything that the Japanese were planning to do
was known to the United States."
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• Needed to look unprovoked
• he had actually cut off the Japanese through a
  trade embargo
• the U.S. was the only military threat to Japan in
  Asia
• The attack had to be HUGE
• just firing between the Germans and U.S. in
  Atlantic was not enough to cause war
• the U.S. had to look weak and beatable in order
  for Germany and Italy to join Japan
• it had to outrage the American public

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U.S. intelligence had been able to decode all
Japanese radio transmissions

• they were taped in the Pacific, radioed to
  Washington, and then sent back de-coded to Hawaii
• The U.S. had received warnings from the Soviet
  Union, British, Netherlands, Australia, Peru, and
  Korea that an attack was coming

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• U.S. interception of a phone conversation from
  the Japanese embassy in D.C.
• Embassy Worker "Tell me, what zero hour is.
  Otherwise, I won't be able to carry on
  diplomacy."
• Voice from Tokyo "Well then, I will tell you.
  Zero hour is December 8th at Pearl Harbor"
  (Tokyo time which is Dec 7th Washington time)

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Many historians argue that the Japanese just
pulled off a brilliant surprise with everything
going right for them. With the attack coming from
the Northeast, American radar operatives thought
it was American B-17s coming in from the mainland
with a delivery.
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Any attack on Hawaii by the Japanese was thought
to be coming from acts of sabotage operatives. At
Pearl Harbor the ships were lined up on
Battleship Row with smaller ships in front to
protect from these attacks. At their airfield the
planes were lined up wingtip to wingtip outside
to protect against attacks of sabotage. Both of
these make them easy targets for the Japanese.
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It is hard to believe that FDR or the military
had any clue about the magnitude of the possible
attack that would cripple the US Navy in the
Pacific and lose 2400 men. Similar to 9/11,
although some people in the military knew of the
possibility of an attack, there were lapses in
communication Many expected an attack to happen
in the Philippines. They also felt the Japanese
were inferior pilots and any attack in Hawaii
would be easily defeated.
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M/C 3-1
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