The Era of Good Feelings Section 1

1
The Era of Good Feelings Section 1 328-331

• Following the War of 1812, national pride began
  to grow.
• By 1817, journalists began to call this time the
  Era of Good Feelings.
• In 1820, James Monroe was president, and the U.S.
  resolved several conflicts with foreign powers.
• Two of these resolutions were
• Rush-Bagot Agreement limited naval power on the
  Great Lakes for both the U.S. and Britain.
• Convention of 1818 the U.S. was given fishing
  rights off the coasts of Newfoundland and
  Labrador.
• U.S.-Canadian border was set at the 49th parallel
  and both countries agreed to jointly occupy part
  of the Pacific Northwest.

2
The Issue of Florida

• The U.S. also resolved a border dispute with
  Spain over the border of Florida.
• In 1818, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
  (JQA) met with Spanish diplomat Luis de Onis to
  discuss the idea of allowing American settlers
  into Florida.
• President Monroe sent troops under the command of
  Andrew Jackson to secure Floridas northern
  border with the U.S.
• Jackson took over most of Spains military posts
  and overthrew the Spanish governor.
• Jacksons actions and military presence in
  Florida helped convince the Spanish to settle the
  border dispute.
• In 1819, the U.S. and the Spain signed the
  Adams-Onis Treaty.
• The U.S. got East and West Florida in exchange
  for its claim in Texas and 5 million.

3
The Monroe Doctrine

• By the early 1820s, many Spanish colonies in
  Latin and South America began to challenge
  Spanish rule.
• Revolutionary fighter Simon Bolivar led many
  struggles for colonial independence from Spain.
• Many Americans were reminded of their own
  struggle for independence and supported Bolivar
  and people like him.
• Once a Latin American or South American country
  was free of Spanish rule, it had to remain that
  way.
• Americans were concerned that other European
  countries may try to colonize newly freed
  countries.

4
The Monroe Doctrine

• In response to fears that European countries may
  try to re-conquer lost colonies in Latin and
  South America, President Monroe and Secretary
  Adams issued a warning.
• The Monroe Doctrine of 1823
• Foreign powers should not create new colonies in
  North and South America.
• U.S. would view any European interference with
  Latin American governments as a hostile act.

5
The Missouri Compromise Section 2 332-337

• In 1819 Congress considered the application of MO
  to enter the Union.
• At that time the U.S. included
• 11 Free States
• Had larger populations and therefore controlled
  the House of Representatives
• 11 Slave States
• If MO was admitted as a slave state, the Senate
  would be controlled by slave holding states.
• Northern representatives formed a proposal to
  accept MO into the Union.
• MO would be admitted as a slave state as long as
• No slaves were imported.
• Children of slaves were set free when they turned
  25.

6
The Missouri Compromise

• Other northern representatives disagreed with
  adding any slave states, and most southern
  representatives disagreed with the idea of
  freeing slave after a certain age.
• Congress reached the Missouri Compromise which
  had three main conditions
• MO would enter the Union as a slave state
• Maine would join the Union as a free state
• Slavery would be prohibited in any new
  territories or states north of MOs southern
  border.
• Congress passed the Compromise in 1820 and Maine
  and Missouri became states.

7
Internal Improvements

• Kentucky representative Henry Clay believed that
  a strong national economy would prevent regional
  conflicts.
• Example
• If it were easier for Northern states and
  Southern states to buy and sell goods and
  services with each other, there would be less
  pressure to make money, and everyone would be
  happier.
• Clay proposed a Protective Tariff.
• This was a tax placed on foreign goods, thereby
  prompting Americans to Buy American.
• The tax revenue collected from the Protective
  Tariff would be used to improve Americas roads
  and canals.

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Internal Improvements

• Clay felt that if the tax dollars collected from
  the Protective Tariff were put into Americas
  roads and canals, trade between regions of the
  country would be easier.
• Clays plan for the Protective Tariff and its
  overall effects on our country is known as the
  American System.

9
New Roads and Canals

• In the early 1800s most roads in the U.S. were
  dirt paths that were difficult to travel.
• Cumberland Road the first road built by the
  federal government. It stretched from Maryland
  to West Virginia.
• Construction was started in 1815 and was worked
  on intermittently until 1832.
• Starting in 1833 the Cumberland Road was extended
  to Ohio and the name was changed to the National
  Road.
• By 1850, the National Road reached all the way to
  Illinois.

10
New Roads and Canals

• Water transportation proved to be quicker,
  easier, and cheaper.
• However, if a town was not located by a river or
  large lake, it was landlocked and couldnt
  benefit from that form of transportation.
• Canals man-made waterways, solved that problem.
• Erie Canal which ran from Albany, NY to Buffalo,
  NY was one of the largest canals in the country.
• Construction was from 1817-1825.
• A boat could travel from Lake Erie, through
  Buffalo, across NY State and on to Albany where
  the Canal connected with the Hudson River. The
  Boat could then travel down the Hudson to NYC.

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The Election of 1824

• John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson
• Both men ran as Republicans
• Jackson won the popular vote but didnt have
  enough electoral votes.
• The Constitution states that the U.S. House of
  Representatives has to choose the winner.
• Henry Clay influenced the vote by backing Adams
  and Adams won the election.
• Jacksons supporters claimed that Adams made a
  corrupt bargain with Clay. This seemed even
  more true after Adams chose Clay to be his
  Secretary of State.
• Adams presidency was difficult and had little
  Congressional support because of his selection of
  Clay.

12
Jacksonian Democracy Section 3 338-343

• By the early 1800s, many more Americans had
  gained the right to vote.
• Many states removed property requirements for
  voting.
• Political parties held nominating conventions a
  public meeting where the parties presidential and
  vice presidential candidates were selected.
• As a result, more people became involved in
  politics Jacksonian Democracy.
• Women and free African Americans still couldnt
  vote.

13
Jacksonian Democracy

• The 1828 campaign
• John Quincy Adams National Republican
• Seen as corrupt and out of touch with average
  Americans
• Andrew Jackson Democrat
• Seen as a man of the people and a war hero
• Jackson won the campaign easily with a record
  number of votes.

14
Jacksons Victory

• After Jackson was elected he rewarded some of his
  strongest supporters by giving them government
  jobs.
• This is known as the spoils system.
• In addition to Jacksons official cabinet, he
  also maintained an informal group of trusted
  advisors that came to be known as the kitchen
  cabinet.

15
Conflict over Tariffs

• President Jackson needed to address the growing
  conflict over tariffs.
• Northern Manufacturers
• Wanted higher tariffs to protect their industries
  from foreign competition Great Britain.
• British companies could sell factory goods more
  cheaply than Americans could afford to make them.
• American companies were going out of business.
• Protective tariffs blocked a lot of British
  competition.

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Conflict over Tariffs

• Southern Manufacturers
• Didnt have much industry to protect from foreign
  competition.
• Economy relied heavily on agriculture, especially
  cotton exports.
• Imported most manufactured goods.
• Higher tariffs meant that goods coming from
  foreign manufacturers cost more.
• In 1828, Congress was pressured from northern
  manufacturers into passing a tariff with very
  high rates.
• Southerners called the law the Tariff of
  Abominations.
• Southerners felt that the federal government was
  abusing its power over the states.

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The Nullification Process

• VP John C. Calhoun led opposition to the tariff.
• He wrote a statement in support of states rights
  people who believe that the federal governments
  authority is strictly limited by the
  Constitution.
• Calhoun felt that states had the right to nullify
  (cancel) any federal law that they considered to
  be unconstitutional the nullification process.
• South Carolina (Calhouns home state) tested the
  nullification process in 1832 by voiding two
  federal tariffs.
• South Carolinas legislature claimed that they
  would withdraw from the union if the federal
  government tried to use force to collect tariffs.
• Jackson opposed the actions of S.C., but Congress
  reached a compromise by gradually lowering
  tariffs over a period of years.

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Van Burens Presidency

• At the end of Jacksons second term in 1836, he
  was still very popular with voters.
• However, some members of Congress felt that
  Jackson had abused his presidential powers, and
  these members formed the Whig Party.
• The Whigs felt that a weak president and a strong
  legislative branch was the way to best govern the
  U.S.
• The Whigs opposed Van Buren and nominated four
  candidates to run against him, but because he had
  Jacksons support he won the election.

19
Van Burens Presidency

• Shortly after Van Buren took office, the country
  experienced a financial crisis.
• During the Panic of 1837 there was a severe
  economic depression.
• Van Buren was blamed for this depression even
  though it was rooted in the Jackson presidency.
• In the 1840 election the Whigs ran William Henry
  Harrison and John Tyler against Van Buren.
• Harrison and Tyler won.

20
The Black Hawk War Section 4 344-348

• In 1827 the federal government decided to end
  years of fighting between settlers and American
  Indians who were both living in Illinois.
• Indian leader, Black Hawk and his followers
  ignored the federal governments policy of
  removing Indians.
• American Indians didnt believe in land
  ownership.
• In the winter of 1830, Black Hawk and his forces
  were fired upon by federal troops even though
  they were flying the white flag of truce.
• Black Hawk decided to fight back and the war
  continued until the summer of 1832 when the
  exhausted, and undersupplied Indians surrendered.
• By 1850 all Indians living in the old NWT had
  been removed.

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The Indian Removal Act

• Indians were also living in settlements that
  stretched from Georgia to Mississippi.
• Pres. Jackson and other leaders wanted to open
  these areas to American farmers.
• They claimed that the Indians should move West.
• In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act
  all Indians living east of the Miss. River had to
  move west of the Miss. River.
• Congress established the Indian Territory in most
  of present-day Oklahoma.
• Political leaders felt this would greatly ease
  the tension between settlers and Indians.

22
The Indian Removal Act

• In addition to the Indian Removal Act, Congress
  also established the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
• This bureaus mission was to oversee federal
  policies and laws that would affect Indians.
• The Choctaw were the first Indian group to move
  to the new Indian Territory.
• Just prior to leaving, Choctaw leaders signed the
  Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek 7.5 million
  acres was signed over to the state of Mississippi.

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The Trail of Tears

• Cherokee Indians living in Georgia had their
  treaty rights ignored when settlers discovered
  gold there.
• The Indians refused to move and so the Georgia
  state militia attacked them.
• The Indians sued the state claiming that they
  were an independent nation and that Georgia had
  no legal power within their territory.
• In 1832, the case went to the U.S. Supreme as
  Worcester v. Georgia.
• The Supreme Court ruled partially in favor of the
  Indians saying that the Cherokee had a distinct
  community that the state government had no
  authority over.
• However, the federal government did have the
  authority to remove the Indians.

24
The Trail of Tears

• The Georgia state government ignored the Supreme
  Courts ruling and Pres. Jackson took no action.
• In 1838, U.S. troops began to move all Cherokee
  Indians to the Indian Territory.
• They were forced to march 800 miles.
• 4,500 of 18,000 (25) of the Indians died while
  on this trek.
• This trek is known as the Trail of Tears.

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The Second Seminole War

• The Seminole Indians fought removal.
• In 1832, some Seminole leaders signed a treaty
  that
• Promised they would leave Florida within 3 years.
• Agree that Seminoles of African ancestry would be
  considered runaway slaves.
• Many escaped slaves had joined the Seminole tribe
  and had been accepted as family members.
• Most Seminole ignored the treaty and refused to
  leave Florida, turn over escaped slaves, or sign
  any new agreements.
• They resisted by fiercely fighting federal
  troops.

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The Second Seminole War

• The Seminole claimed early victories against U.S.
  troops and continued to fight through the early
  1840s.
• The Second Seminole War continued in Florida
  until 1842. By then
• 4,000 Seminole had been captured and removed.
• Hundreds were killed
• 1,500 U.S. soldiers were killed.
• Millions of spent by the U.S. government.
• Results
• The U.S. gave up the fight and the Seminole who
  were still in Florida won their resistance.
• Many Seminole still live in Florida today.

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American Tales Section 5 349-352

• During this period, the public became interested
  in the Revolutionary era.
• Writers wrote about the heroes of the Revolution
  and inspired pride in the U.S.
• Washington Irving was one of the first American
  writers to be recognized internationally, and
  greatly respected in Europe.
• His writings dealt with American history in a
  humorous way.
• He wrote Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of
  Sleepy Hollow.

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James Fenimore Cooper

• JFC was a wealthy New Jerseyan who never saw the
  American frontier.
• Stories about the West and the Indians who lived
  there interested him.
• JFC is probably best known for The Last of the
  Mohicans.
• This story is a historical fiction piece that
  takes place during the French and Indian War.
• By placing fictional characters in real
  historical events, JFC popularized the historical
  fiction genre.

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Catharine Maria Sedgwick

• CMS was another historical fiction writer who
  became the most successful female author of her
  time.
• She wrote novels that depicted early American
  life as it truly was, which was not always
  pleasant.
• In the historical novel Hope Leslie she wrote
  about the 1600s New England Pilgrims and their
  interactions with Native Americans.
• Through her research, she discovered that
  Pilgrims were superstitious and often were
  intolerant of people with lifestyles and customs
  that were different than theirs.

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A New Style of Art

• Artists began to paint landscapes that showed the
  history and beauty of America.
• By the 1830s a group of artists called the Hudson
  River School emerged.
• Their paintings were primarily landscapes and the
  subject of many of their paintings was the Hudson
  River valley.
• The most prominent HRS painter was Thomas Cole.
• George Caleb Bingham was another artist of this
  period who combined the ruggedness of the West
  and frontier life.

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A New Style of Art

• Antiques Roadshow, Philadelphia, PA August, 26
  2006
• John F. Kensett, Hudson River School 1853
• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/archive/200605A41
  .html

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Chapter 11

• All information for this Powerpoint was provided
  from Holt Call to Freedom 2004 and pbs.org