The Republican Victory Section 1

1
The Republican Victory Section 1 298-301

• Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated as the third
  President of the United States in 1801.
• The Republicans had also won control of both
  houses of Congress.
• The Federalists were no longer in control, but
• With the changing of the parties, Americans saw
  that the country could change its political
  leadership peacefully.
• Jefferson would have Congressional support for
  many of his plans.

2
Jefferson in Office

• First, Jefferson created his cabinet
• James Madison Secretary of State
• Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury
• Jefferson and Gallatin reduced the size of the
  army and the navy.
• They hoped that the money saved could be put
  towards paying down the national debt.
• Gallatin was ordered by Jefferson to end domestic
  taxes like the Whiskey Tax.
• Also, close the agencies that collected the
  domestic taxes that were being ended.

3
Marbury v. Madison

• Just before Jefferson took office, John Adams and
  the Federalist controlled Congress appointed many
  Federalists to become federal judges.
• When Jefferson entered office, some Federalists
  had not yet received their official paperwork
  stating that they were judges.
• Jefferson ordered Madison to not give out the
  paperwork.
• William Marbury (Federalist) did not receive his
  papers, and he asked the Supreme Court to
  intervene.
• Marbury wanted the Supreme Court to order the
  Executive Branch to hand over the papers.

4
Marbury v. Madison

• The Supreme Court heard the case and decided
• That Marbury had been treated unfairly.
• However the S.C. Justices felt that Congress and
  the Constitution had not given the S.C. the power
  to order the Executive Branch to hand over the
  papers.
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 said that the S.C. did
  have the power.
• The S.C. felt that the Judiciary Act was
  unconstitutional.

5
Marbury v. Madison

• The S.C.s decision in this case established the
  power of Judicial Review The S.C. is allowed to
  declare an act of Congress unconstitutional and
  the law is no longer in force.
• Judicial Review greatly increased the S.C.s
  legal authority and made it a stronger branch of
  the federal government.

6
French Louisiana Section 2 302-307

• In 1800, France was led by French General
  Napoleon Bonaparte.
• He wanted to rebuild Frances empire in North
  America, but first he had to gain control of the
  island of Hispaniola (Present-day Haiti and the
  Dominican Republic).
• Hispaniola would be a supply base for the French
  military.

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French Louisiana

• Enslaved Africans led an uprising and took over
  Hispaniola from the French in 1790.
• They were led by escaped slave,
  Toussaint-Louverture
• In 1802, Napoleons troops were defeated on
  Hispaniola by Louvertures army.
• Jefferson worried that if the French did
  eventually gain control of Hispaniola, they may
  also be able to block U.S. westward expansion.

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The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson knew that New Orleans was the hub for
  U.S. expansion because it controlled all major
  shipping on the Mississippi River.
• He asked the U.S. ambassador to France to contact
  the French government about purchasing New
  Orleans and West Florida.
• Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana.
• France was about to go to war with Great Britain
  and Napoleon needed money for his European armies.

9
The Louisiana Purchase

• The French offered a price of 15 million for the
  Louisiana Territory and Jefferson accepted.
• Jefferson felt that the Constitution did not give
  him the right to make the purchase, but he felt
  he was acting in the best interest of the U.S.
• The region stretched west from the Mississippi
  River to the Rocky Mountains.
• 830,000 square miles and covers 14 current U.S.
  states.

10
Mission of Discovery

• Jefferson wanted information about the land the
  U.S. had just purchased. He specifically wanted
  to know about
• The native peoples, soil, animals, plants, and
  minerals.
• He also wanted to know if there was an all-water
  river route to the Pacific Ocean.
• Jefferson chose former army captain Meriwether
  Lewis to lead an expedition in the LA Territory.
• Lewis chose army lieutenant William Clark to be
  co-leader.

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The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• In May 1804, Lewis, Clark, and a small group of
  carefully selected and skilled frontiersman set
  out from St. Louis, Missouri.
• This group of explorers is known as The Corps of
  Discovery.
• They travelled north up the Missouri River on a
  custom-built boat called a keelboat.
• Early in the trip, the group met many American
  Indian tribes, among which was a Shoshone woman
  and her French husband.
• Sacagawea and her husband, helped guide The Corps
  of Discovery.
• She also acted as an interpreter and peacemaker.

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The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• The expedition travelled up the Missouri River,
  hiked up and over the Rocky Mountains and floated
  down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.
• They arrived at the Pacific Ocean in November
  1805, and built a small camp which they named
  Fort Clatsop after the neighboring Clatsop
  Indians.

13
The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• In March 1806, the Corps of Discovery headed
  home.
• They arrived in St. Louis in September 1806.
• The Corps of Discovery travelled just over 8,000
  miles in 2 ½ years.
• Only one member of the group died, and he died of
  a heart attack.
• Clark was a cartographer(map maker) who mapped
  the trip and measured the distance travelled.
• Todays satellite navigation shows that Clarks
  measurement on the distance travelled was off by
  only 40 miles.

14
Pikes Exploration

• In 1806, young army officer Zebulon Pike was sent
  on a mission to
• Find the headwaters of the Red River.
• The Red River runs through Louisiana and part of
  Texas and was considered part of the Louisiana
  Territory.
• Spy on Spanish outposts in the Southwest.

15
Pikes Exploration

• Pike led his expedition to the Rocky Mountains in
  present-day Colorado.
• While there he tried unsuccessfully to climb the
  mountain that today is known as Pikes Peak,
  14,000 feet high.
• Then he headed south into present-day New Mexico
  where the Spanish arrested him and accused him of
  being a spy. He denied the accusation.
• Eventually he was released and returned to the
  U.S. to report his findings.

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Danger on the High Seas Section 3 308-313

• In 1803, Great Britain and France went to war.
• Both countries wanted to stop U.S. ships from
  delivering to their enemy much needed supplies.
• Both countries passed laws which allowed their
  navies and privateers to capture ships that were
  supplying the enemy.
• Unfortunately, the majority of those ships
  belonged to U.S. businesses.
• Many U.S. ships and tons of cargo was captured.
• If the British captured a U.S. ship, they
  sometimes forced the sailors to serve on their
  warships. This is known as Impressment.

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Danger on the High Seas

• In 1807, impressment made national news and
  created widespread resentment towards Britain.
• The HMS Leopard stopped the USS Chesapeake and
  tried to remove 4 sailors.
• The captain of the Chesapeake refused to hand
  them over, so the Leopard opened fire and took
  the sailors by force.

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A Trade War

• Many Americans favored going to war with Britain
  while others favored an embargo the banning of
  trade with Britain.
• Jefferson and the Republicans favored an embargo
  and in 1807 passed the Embargo Act the law that
  banned trade with foreign countries.
• The New England states were hit hard by the
  Embargo Act because most of their profits came
  from trade with foreign countries.
• U.S. businesses eventually ignored the law and
  smuggled goods to foreign countries.
• Great Britain and France were not affected by the
  law, and Jeffersons popularity fell.

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The Rise of Tecumseh

• In the early 1800s, thousands of American
  settlers were entering the Northwest Territory.
• Because of the Treaty of Greenville, many
  American Indian tribes were forced to give up
  their lands.
• Great Britain wanted to slow U.S. westward
  expansion, but didnt want to go to war with the
  U.S.
• The British government gave military aid to
  Indian tribes living in the NW Territory.
• Tecumseh was a powerful Indian leader who wanted
  to organize NW Territory tribes against the U.S.
  settlers.

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War on the Frontier

• William Henry Harrison Governor of the Indiana
  Territory felt that Tecumseh was a threat to U.S.
  power.
• He met with Tecumseh and reminded him of his
  obligation to follow the treaties.
• Tecumseh said that the treaties were not valid
  because no single chief could sell land belonging
  to all Indians and the Indians were on the land
  first.
• Harrison warned Tecumseh not to mess with the
  U.S.

21
War on the Frontier

• Tecumseh left his tribe to travel south to make
  an alliance with southern tribes.
• While he was gone, Harrison raised an army and
  marched to Tecumsehs tribal settlement.
• In November of 1811, Harrisons army and
  Tecumsehs tribe fought an all-day battle at the
  Battle of Tippecanoe.
• The American Indians were defeated and their
  village was destroyed.

22
The War Debate

• The frontier fighting had angered many Americans
  who felt that Britain was encouraging the Indians
  to attack settlers.
• This was seen as an insult to U.S. authority and
  the War Hawks wanted to go to war with Britain.
• War Hawks members of Congress who favored war
  with Britain.
• Typically members of Congress that represented
  Southern and Western states were War Hawks,
  whereas New England representatives wanted peace
  so that they could resume trade.

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A Declaration of War

• In 1808, Republican James Madison was elected
  President.
• He faced rising pressure from the effects of the
  Embargo Act and from the War Hawks.
• He also felt that because Britain was violating
  U.S. neutrality by seizing U.S. ships and through
  impressment, Britain was at war with the U.S.
• Madison asked Congress to decide how the U.S.
  should react.
• Congress voted for war with Great Britain.
• Madison would become commander and chief during
  the War of 1812.

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The War at Sea Section 4 314-319

• In August of 1812, the USS Constitution faced off
  against the HMS Guerriere off the coast of Nova
  Scotia.
• The Constitution won the battle in part because
  the hull of the ship was sheathed in copper.
• Since British cannonballs had bounced harmlessly
  off her hull, she was nicknamed Old Ironsides.

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The War at Sea

• When the war of 1812 began, the British navy had
  hundreds of ships stationed around the world
  whereas the U.S. had less than 20 ships total.
• To even the odds, the U.S. government hired
  privateer ships which were very successful in
  capturing and/or sinking hundreds of British
  ships.
• The British responded by sending a large naval
  force which patrolled the East coast from Maine
  to Georgia.
• The British naval blockade greatly reduced the
  U.S.s ability to trade.

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The Canadian Border

• Early navy victories went to the U.S., so the
  government wanted to capitalize on those
  successes by invading Canada.
• In July 1812, the British joined with American
  Indians led by Tecumseh, to defeat an American
  army and capture Fort Detroit.
• By the end of 1812, the British controlled all of
  the Great Lakes region.

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The Canadian Border

• In April of 1813, the U.S. struck back.
• The U.S. needed to break Britains control of
  Lake Erie.
• Captain Oliver Hazard Perry was tasked with
  accomplishing that mission.
• He built a small fleet and fought the British at
  the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813.
• Both sides took heavy casualties, and the
  Americans won the battle.

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The Frontier War

• The U.S. Army took advantage of Perrys victory
  by pursuing the British and their Indian allies
  into Canada.
• In October 1813, General Harrisons army fought
  the British and Tecumsehs Indian forces in
  southern Canada at the Battle of the Thames.
• The Americans won the battle, and Tecumseh was
  killed.
• The British-Indian alliance was weakened by
  Tecumsehs death and the U.S. border with Canada
  was secured.

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The British on the Offensive

• The British defeated France in 1814, and so
  turned their full attention to the U.S.
• They sent more troops to America and strengthened
  their naval blockade of the East coast.
• Next the British attacked and burned Washington
  D.C.
• The White House and other government buildings
  were burned.
• Next, the British sailed to Baltimore, Maryland
  which was guarded by Fort McHenry.
• The British Navy shelled Fort McHenry for 25
  hours and on the morning after, Francis Scott Key
  saw that the flag was still there.

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The Battle of New Orleans

• After the British attacked Washington, they
  launched another attack, this time on New
  Orleans.
• There goal was to capture the city which would
  allow them to control the shipping traffic on the
  Mississippi River.
• Andrew Jackson commanded a mixed force of 4,500
  soldiers from the U.S. Army, state militia, and a
  group of pirates led by Jean Laffite.

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The Battle of New Orleans

• Jacksons troops constructed an earth and log
  wall that was flanked by the Mississippi River on
  one side and a swamp on the other.
• In January, 1815 the British marched 5,300 men
  towards Jacksons defensive line.
• They advanced under cover of a thick morning fog
  but about halfway across the battlefield, the fog
  lifted and they became easy targets for the
  Jacksons army.

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The Battle of New Orleans

• Only a very small detachment of British infantry
  reached the American line, and they were quickly
  beaten back.
• The British suffered 2,000 casualties.
• The Americans suffered 70 casualties.
• The Battle of New Orleans took place 15 days
  after the War of 1812 officially ended.

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Ending the War

• In December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed,
  ending the War of 1812.
• The treaty did not address impressment or trade
  embargoes so they both continued to exist.
• For the U.S., winning the War of 1812 showed the
  world that the new nation could stand up to Great
  Britain.

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Chapter 10

• All information for this PowerPoint was taken
  from
• Holt Call to Freedom - 2005