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Title: Basics of the Computer System


1
Basics of the Computer System
  • Bayram Güzer

2
A Computer System
  • A computer system consist of three main
    components
  • Hardware
  • Software
  • People
  • Software is a set of instruction which tells
    hardware what to do
  • People use the computer for some purposes and
    without people computer can be meaningless.

3
A Computer System
  • Software is also called as programs.
  • A program is a set of step-by-step instructions
    that guides the computer to do the required tasks
    and produce the desired results.
  • A computer programmer is a person who writes
    programs.
  • Users are people who purchase and use computer
    software. They are also called as end-users.

4
Basic Components of a Computer Hardware
  • What does a computer machine do?
  • It is programmed to accept data as input
  • It process data into useful information as output
  • It stores the information in a secondary storage
  • Processing of input to output is directed by the
    software but executed by the hardware

5
Basic Components of a Computer Hardware
Outside the computer
  • In order a computer to function, it requires four
    main aspects of data handling
  • Input
  • Processing
  • Output
  • Storage

Shows it to people
Accepts Data
Until storing it into secondary storage
6
A Personal Computer System
7
Input
  • Input is the data that you put into the computer
    system for processing.
  • Keyboard is one of the most common input devices
    which consist of keys arranged in much the same
    way as those on typewriter.

8
Input
  • A mouse is a device that is moved by hand over a
    flat surface.
  • As the ball on its underside rotates, the mouse
    movement causes corresponding movement of a
    pointer on the computer screen.
  • When you press the buttons on the mouse, it lets
    you select commands.

9
Input
  • Another input method is through scanning with a
    wand-reader or bar-code reader.
  • These devices are used in retail stores commonly.
  • A stripped bar-codes found on many products which
    each line is represented with a character and
    codes are read through a bar-code reader.

Sample Bar-Code from Code 128
10
Processing
  • The processor which is also called as central
    processing unit (cpu) is the center of the
    activity which consist of electronic circuits
    that interpret and execute program instructions,
    communicate with input, output and storage
    devices.

11
Processing
  • Data is the raw material to be processed by a
    computer.
  • Ex grades of an exam.
  • When data is organized into useful and meaningful
    form, it becomes information.
  • Ex An instructor could enter various student
    grades as data and when he process this data in
    order to produce final grades or class average,
    by this way he produces information.
  • Data student grades
  • Information final grades and class average

12
Primary Storage
  • Primary storage which is also known as memory has
    close relationship with central processing unit
    but it is separate from the CPU.
  • When data is fetched from input, it is kept in
    memory as temporarily.
  • Next data is processed, displayed on a output
    device and then it is still kept in memory as
    temporarily.
  • When data is stored into secondary storage and
    the file is closed, then it is removed from the
    primary storage.

13
Primary Storage
  • Memory also holds the programs (computer
    instructions) that is requested by the CPU.
  • Primary storage devices require continuous flow
    of present electric and when there is no electric
    present (no power), all the data in the primary
    storage is lost.

14
Output
  • Output is the result produced by the central
    processing unit which is the whole meaning of
    computers.
  • Most common output devices are
  • Computer screens
  • Printers
  • Computer screens which is also called as monitors
    is used to display the output to users.
  • Monitors can vary in its forms of display.

15
Output
  • Printers produce printed reports as instructed by
    computer program.
  • Many printers can print in color or black/white.
  • Some of the most common printer types are ink-jet
    and laser-jet printers.

16
Secondary Storage
  • Secondary storage provides additional storage
    separate from memory.
  • There are three most-common storage media which
    are
  • Magnetic disk
  • Optical disk
  • Magnetic tape

17
Secondary Storage
  • A magnetic disk can be diskette or hard disk.
  • A diskette usually consists of a magnetic disk 3
    ½ inches in width, enclosed in a plastic case.
  • Hard disks usually have more storage capacity
    than diskettes and data access is faster than
    diskettes.
  • Hard disks were contained in hard disk drives and
    the data is read by the disk drive through hard
    disk drive head.

18
Secondary Storage
  • Optical disks use laser beam to read large
    volumes of data and it is relatively inexpensive
    in comparison to magnetic disks.
  • Some of the common optical disks are
  • Compact Disk (CD) (up to 0.73 GB)
  • Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) (up to 17 GB)
  • High Definition DVD (HD DVD) (up to 60 GB)
  • Blu-ray Disk (BD) (up to 50 GB)

19
Secondary Storage
  • Magnetic tape data storage is usually used in
    large computer systems
  • Example servers
  • This kind of tapes comes in a special cartridges
    and they are similar to the tapes that we usually
    listen music from tape recorder.
  • In order to use a magnetic tape, a magnetic tape
    drive is needed.
  • It is usually used in backup and archiving
    because tape is inexpensive than other media

20
The Complete Hardware System
  • The hardware devices attached to the computer are
    called peripheral equipment.
  • Input, processing, output and secondary storage
    devices are all peripheral equipments.
  • In personal computers all these equipments can be
    found in a metal case.
  • In some business computers, input, processing,
    output and secondary storage can be in different
    rooms.
  • Ex computing systems of banks
  • But, all the computers have input, processing,
    output and secondary storage devices.

21
Classification of Computers
  • Computers vary in sizes from tiny to enormous
    (huge) in both appearance and power.
  • The type of the computer that is need by a person
    or an organization depends on the computing
    requirements.
  • There are five main types of computers
  • Personal Computers
  • Notebook Computers
  • Handheld Computers
  • Mainframes
  • Supercomputers
  • Sometimes this classification can overlap because
    of the developments in the computing industry.

22
Personal Computers
  • Personal computers sometimes called as PCs,
    desktop computers, microcomputers and home
    computers.
  • There are types of personal computers
  • Low end cheap PCs
  • Word processing, personal finance, record
    keeping, games and access to the Internet
  • Upper end workstations
  • Usually used by the engineers, financial traders,
    and graphic designers.
  • Fully powered personal computers not like low
    end or upper end PCs.
  • Graphic images, heavy-duty calculations,
    programming and action oriented arcade games.

23
Personal Computers
  • There is also another type of personal computers
    which is the network computer (NC) or net
    computer
  • Limited piece of hardware with cpu, minimal
    memory and the Internet access
  • Usually connected to the Internet over a
    telephone line
  • Usually it is a set with a television and people
    can use television as a computer screen
  • They usually dont have disk storage
  • Simplicity and low price are the important
    characteristics of the net computers.

24
Notebook Computers
  • Notebook computers are portable and functional
    and they are popular for travelling availability
  • Fits in a briefcase
  • Weights less
  • You can carry it to anywhere youre travelling
  • They are more expensive than desktop computers
  • They have all the hardware that desktop computers
    have such as hard disk, dvd-rom, sound card, etc

25
Handheld Computers
  • Handheld computers are also called as personal
    digital assistants (PDAs)
  • They are capable of keeping track of
    appointments, business information, customer
    names and orders, etc
  • They are also called as pen-based computers.
  • Because some of them are capable of handwritten
    input directly from touch-sensitive screen
  • They have wireless Internet capabilities

26
Handheld Computers
  • Usually used by clipboard-carrying workers,
    businessmen or workers who on their feet all
    day.
  • Parcel drivers
  • Nurses
  • Sales representative
  • Businessman who keep their work organized
  • Another type of handheld computer is pocket pc.
  • Offers capabilities of PDAs and stripped-down
    versions of software such as word processing and
    spreadsheets applications

27
Mainframes
  • Large computers are called as mainframes.
  • Mainframes are capable of processing data at very
    high speeds and have access to billions of
    characters of data (millions of instructions per
    second).
  • Some of the customers are
  • banks,
  • insurance companies,
  • manufacturers,
  • large mail-order houses,
  • airlines with sophisticated reservation system,
  • government accounting services,
  • aerospace companies,
  • e-mail servers.

28
Mainframes
  • Mainframes are designed for multiple-users at the
    same time.
  • They are also called as servers or large server
    depending on the type of the mainframe.
  • Price vary between 100.000 to 1.000.000

29
Supercomputers
  • The most expensive, powerful and the fastest
    computers are called as supercomputers.
  • They can process trillions of instructions per
    second.
  • Used for some of the activities which require
    huge amount of data manipulation.
  • Some of the activities for supercomputers are
  • Stock analysis
  • Weather forecasting
  • Weapons research
  • Special effects for movies

30
References
  • Capron, H. L. (2000). Computers Tools for an
  • Information Age.(6th ed.). New Jersey, USA
    Prentice Hall.
  • Barcode. (2009). Retrieved 17 October 2009 from
    http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode
  • Code128. (2009). Retrieved 17 October 2009 from
    http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode
  • Online Barcode Generator. (2005). Retrieved 17
    October 2009 from http//www.morovia.com/free-onli
    ne-barcode-generator/
  • Intel 80486DX2. (2009). Retrieved 17 October 2009
    from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80486DX2
  • Central Processing Unit. (2009). Retrieved 17
    October 2009 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen
    tral_processing_unit
  • Computer Parts. (2008). Retrieved 17 October 2009
    from http//pcourses.teacherswithoutborders.org/ed
    ucational-technology/basic-course-in-computers/com
    puter-parts?set_languagetr
  • LCD Monitor. (n.d.). Retrieved 17 October 2009
    from http//netnotes.nsuok.edu/Documents/ComputerP
    ricing/dell_pricing.htm

31
References
  • CRT Monitor. (2009). Retrieved 17 October 2009
    from http//cat-plone2.cac.washington.edu/catalyst
    /help/computing_fundamentals/troubleshootingxp/voc
    ab
  • Inkjet Printer. (2007). Retrieved 17 October 2009
    from http//gicl.cs.drexel.edu/wiki/Dell_720_Color
    _Inkjet_Printer
  • Laserjet Printer. (n.d.). Retrieved 17 October
    2009 from http//www.utextension.utk.edu/central/i
    t/printers.htm
  • Hard Disk Drivers. (2001). Retrieved 17 October
    2009 from http//www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/index-c.h
    tml
  • Optical Disk. (2009). Retrieved 17 October 2009
    from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc
  • Magnetic Tape. (n.d.). Retrieved 17 October 2009
    from http//dictionary.zdnet.com/definition/tapeb
    ackup.html
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