Growth and Expansion

1
Chapter 10

• Growth and Expansion

2
Introduction 5
Why It Matters
During the early 1800s, manufacturing took on a
stronger role in the American economy. During the
same period, people moved westward across the
continent in larger and larger numbers. In 1823
the United States proclaimed its dominant role in
the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine.
3
Introduction 6
The Impact Today
These developments were important factors in
shaping the nation. Today the United States is
one of the leading economic and military powers
in the world.
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Introduction 2
Chapter Objectives
Section 1 Economic Growth

• Describe how the Industrial Revolution began in
  the United States.

• Describe how the United States changed as it
  became more economically independent.

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Section 1-1
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The rise of industry and trade led to the growth
of cities.
Key Terms

• Industrial Revolution

• cotton gin
• patent
• factory system
• interchangeable parts

• capitalism
• capital
• free enterprise
• technology

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Section 1-2
Read to Learn

• how the Industrial Revolution began in the United
  States.

• how the United States changed as it became more
  economically independent.

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Section 1-3
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Economic Factors The Industrial Revolution
changed the way goods were made.
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Section 1-4
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Section 1-5
The Growth of Industry

• The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s
  in Britain.

• It was a period during which machinery and
  technology changed how people worked and produced
  goods.
• The Industrial Revolution took hold in the
  United States in New England around 1800.

• Rivers and streams provided waterpower to run
  machinery in factories.
• New England was near needed resources, such as
  coal and iron from Pennsylvania, and therefore
  had an advantage.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-6
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• New England shipped cotton from the Southern
  states and sent the finished cloth to markets
  throughout the nation.

• New England had workers to handle the growth of
  industry.

• Capitalism played a large part in the development
  of different industries.
• People put up capital, or their own money, for a
  new business in the hopes to make a profit.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-7
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• With the growth of industry came free enterprise.

• People are free to buy, sell, or produce anything
  of their choosing as well as work wherever they
  want.
• Competition, profit, private property, and
  economic freedom are all aspects of free
  enterprise.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-8
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• The Industrial Revolution could not have taken
  place without the invention of new machines and
  new technology or the scientific discoveries that
  made work easier.

• Britain created machinery and methods that
  changed the textile industry with inventions such
  as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the
  power loom.
• Most mills were built near rivers because the new
  machines ran on waterpower.
• In 1785 the steam engine provided power for a
  cotton mill.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-9
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• In the United States, many new inventions were
  created.

• In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
• One worker using the machine could clean cotton
  as fast as 50 people working by hand.

• The patent law passed in 1790 protected the
  rights of people who created inventions.

• A patent gives an inventor the sole legal right
  to the invention and its profits for a certain
  period of time.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-10
The Growth of Industry (cont.)
What was the Industrial Revolution?
It was a period in history in which the
development of machines and technology changed
how people worked and produced goods. Inventors
in the United States and Europe created machines
that sparked the growth of factories and
industry, which created economic growth.
(pages 306308)
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Section 1-11
New England Factories

• Samuel Slater took over a cotton mill in
  Pawtucket, Rhode Island, where he was able to
  copy the design of a machine invented by Richard
  Arkwright of Britain that spun cotton threads.

• Slater memorized the design while in Britain,
  came to the United States in 1789, and
  established Slaters Mill.
• Lowells Mill, another textile plant in Waltham,
  Massachusetts, was established in 1814.

(pages 308309)
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Section 1-12
New England Factories (cont.)

• The factory system, or bringing manufacturing
  steps together under one roof, began here.

• This was an important part of the Industrial
  Revolution because it changed the way goods were
  made and increased efficiency.

(pages 308309)
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Section 1-13
New England Factories (cont.)

• The technology of making interchangeable parts
  made it possible to produce many types of goods
  in large quantities.

• It also reduced the cost of manufacturing goods.

(pages 308309)
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Section 1-14
New England Factories (cont.)
Why was the technology of interchangeable parts
so revolutionary to the Industrial Revolution?
This technology made it cheaper and faster to
produce goods. Parts were made to fit other
identical parts on a large scale. This allowed
different types of factories to turn out many
goods in a short period of time.
(pages 308309)
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Section 1-15
Agriculture Expands

• In the 1820s, more than 65 percent of Americans
  were farmers.

• In the Northeast, farms were small and the
  produce was sold locally.

(page 310)
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Section 1-16
Agriculture Expands (cont.)

• In the South, cotton production greatly increased
  with the development of the textile industry of
  New England and Europe.

• Enslaved workers planted, tended, and picked the
  cotton.
• With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton
  could be cleaned faster and cheaper than by hand,
  so farmers raised larger crops.
• Between 1790 and 1820, cotton production
  increased from 3,000 to 300,000 bales a year.

(page 310)
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Section 1-17
Agriculture Expands (cont.)

• In the West, farmers north of the Ohio River
  raised pork and cash crops such as wheat and
  corn.

• Some Southern farmers also moved west to plant
  cotton.

(page 310)
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Section 1-18
Agriculture Expands (cont.)
How do you think the growth in agriculture
affected the countrys population?
Possible answer Because of the increased cotton
production and the invention of the cotton gin,
the South grew. In the West, the population
probably also grew due to the influx of settlers
looking for farmland, especially those from the
South. In the Northeast, since farms were small,
the population was not made up of farmers, but
rather town and city dwellers and factory workers.
(page 310)
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Section 1-19
Economic Independence

• Merchants, shopkeepers, and farmers put some of
  the money they earned back into their businesses
  to try to earn larger profits.

• Businesses that needed more money had to borrow
  it from banks.
• The charter for the First Bank of the United
  States expired in 1811.
• In 1816 Congress chartered the Second Bank of the
  United States.

(pages 310311)
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Section 1-20
Economic Independence (cont.)

• It had the power to establish a national currency
  and to make large loans.

• It helped strengthen the economic independence of
  the nation.

(pages 310311)
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Section 1-21
Economic Independence (cont.)

• Cities and towns grew as a result of the growth
  of factories and trade.

• Many developed along rivers and streams to use
  the waterpower.
• Cities such as New York, Boston, and Baltimore
  became centers of commerce and trade.
• Towns such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and
  Louisville became profitable from their proximity
  to major rivers.

(pages 310311)
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Section 1-22
Economic Independence (cont.)

• Cities and towns did not look like those today.

• Buildings were wood or brick.
• Streets were unpaved.
• Animals roamed freely.
• Because there were no sewers, the danger of
  diseases such as cholera and yellow fever grew.
• Fires could spread easily and could be
  disastrous.

(pages 310311)
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Section 1-23
Economic Independence (cont.)

• Cities offered many types of shops, jobs, a
  steady income, and cultural opportunities.

• Many people left their farms and moved to the
  cities for the city life.

(pages 310311)
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Section 1-24
Economic Independence (cont.)
Why did cities and towns grow?
The Industrial Revolution created factories, and
people were needed to work them. Because more
products were produced, trade increased and
cities and towns became centers of this commerce
and trade. Some cities and towns grew because
they were near rivers that were used for
transport as well as for waterpower to run
machinery. Some people left their farms for the
opportunity that city life offered.
(pages 310311)
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Section 1-25
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their
definitions on the left.
__ 1. money for investment __ 2. a document that
gives an inventor the sole legal right to an
invention for a period of time __ 3. the
application of scientific discoveries to
practical use __ 4. the change from an agrarian
society to one based on industry which began in
Great Britain and spread to the United States
around 1800
A. Industrial Revolution B. capital C. technology
D. cotton gin E. patent
B
E
C
A
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Section 1-26
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their
definitions on the left.
__ 5. a machine that removed seeds from cotton
fiber
A. Industrial Revolution B. capital C. technology
D. cotton gin E. patent
D
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Section 1-27
Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts Describe the reasons New England
was ideal for the development of factories.
Poor soil caused people to leave their farms to
find work. Rivers provided waterpower to run
machinery. Ports provided passage for factory
goods, and New England had good proximity to
resources.
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Section 1-28
Reviewing Themes
Economic Factors How did the cotton gin affect
cotton production?
It made cleaning quicker and more efficient.
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Section 1-29
Critical Thinking
Determining Cause and Effect Was new technology
necessary for the Industrial Revolution? Explain.
Yes without technology, production might have
continued but only on a small scale.
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Section 1-30
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the map on page 310 of
your textbook. What do the cities on the map have
in common? Which state had the larger population
in 1820Georgia or Ohio?
They are all coastal cities. Ohio had the larger
population.
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Section 1-31
Expository Writing Study the map and graphs on
page 310 of your textbook. Create a quiz for your
classmates based on the information presented.
Trade quizzes with a classmate and answer those
questions.
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End of Section 1
37
Chapter 10

• Growth and Expansion

38
Introduction 3
Chapter Objectives
Section 2 Westward Bound

• Explain how transportation improved in the early
  1800s.

• Understand how Western settlements affected the
  nations economy and politics.

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Section 2-1
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The huge amount of territory added to the United
States during the early 1800s gave the country a
large store of natural resources and provided
land for more settlers.
Key Terms

• census

• canal
• lock

• turnpike

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Section 2-2
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Taking notes As you read the section, re-create
the diagram on page 314 of your textbook and
describe why each was important to the nations
growth and development.
Read to Learn

• how land and water transportation improved in the
  early 1800s.

• how settlements in the West affected the nations
  economy and politics.

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Section 2-3
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Science and Technology Expansion of
transportation systems helped settlement spread
westward.
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Section 2-4
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Section 2-5
Moving West

• In 1790 most of the nearly 4 million people of
  the United States lived east of the Appalachian
  Mountains and near the Atlantic coast.

• In 1820 the population had more than doubled to
  about 10 million with almost 2 million living
  west of the Appalachian Mountains.
• Travel west was difficult.
• A pioneer family faced many hardships along the
  way.

(pages 314317)
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Section 2-6
Moving West (cont.)

• Good inland roads were needed.

• Private companies built turnpikes, or toll
  roads.
• In 1803, when Ohio became a state, it asked the
  federal government to build a road to connect it
  to the East.
• Congress approved a National Road to the West in
  1806, but because of the War of 1812, roadwork
  stopped.
• The first section from Maryland to western
  Virginia opened in 1818, and years later it
  reached Ohio and then on to Illinois.

(pages 314317)
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Section 2-7
Moving West (cont.)

• Some people traveled along the rivers, loading
  all their belongings onto barges.

• Travel was more comfortable by boat than on bumpy
  roads.
• Water transportation, however, also posed some
  difficulties.

• Traveling upstream, against the flow of the
  current, was slow and difficult.
• Most major rivers flow in a north-south, not
  east-west direction.

(pages 314317)
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Section 2-8
Moving West (cont.)

• Steamboats provided a faster means of river
  travel.

• In 1807 Robert Fulton built the Clermont, a
  steamboat with a newly designed and powerful
  engine.
• The 150-mile trip from New York to Albany was
  shortened from 4 days to 32 hours.
• Steamboats improved the transport of people and
  goods.
• Shipping became cheaper and faster.

(pages 314317)
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Section 2-9
Moving West (cont.)

• River cities such as Cincinnati and St. Louis
  also grew.

(pages 314317)
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Section 2-10
Moving West (cont.)
Compare and contrast the ways people traveled
west. Which was the fastest? The most direct? The
most difficult?
People traveled by horse-drawn wagons on roads,
barges along the river, and, after 1807,
steamboats. The steamboat was fastest but also
more costly river travel was more comfortable,
faster, and easier than roads, but only when
going downstream and road travel was slow,
bumpy, and difficult, but direct.
(pages 314317)
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Section 2-11
Canals

• Traveling the existing river system would not tie
  the East with the West, so a New York business
  and government group planned to link New York
  City with the Great Lakes region by building a
  canal.

• This artificial waterway across New York State
  would connect Albany on the Hudson River with
  Buffalo on Lake Erie.

(pages 317318)
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Section 2-12
Canals (cont.)

• The 363-mile canal, called the Erie Canal, was
  built by thousands of workers.

• A series of locks to raise and lower ships to
  different water levels was used to move ships
  along the canal where water levels changed.

(pages 317318)
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Section 2-13
Canals (cont.)

• Early on, steamboats could not use the canal
  because their powerful engines might damage the
  embankments.

• Teams of mules and horses on the shore pulled the
  boats and barges.
• In the 1840s, the canals banks were reinforced
  to accommodate steam tugboats.

(pages 317318)
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Section 2-14
Canals (cont.)

• As a result of the success of the Erie Canal, by
  1850 the United States had more than 3,600 miles
  of canals.

• They lowered shipping costs and brought growth
  and prosperity to towns along their routes.
• These canals also helped unite the country, tying
  the East and West together.

(pages 317318)
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Section 2-15
Canals (cont.)
The Erie Canal is an inland water route built to
connect two cities. It also made travel easier.
What are some of the issues that people had to
deal with when building the canal?
Possible answer People had to deal with cost,
time to build, laborers to do the construction,
engineering plans for the route, moving laborers
on and off the construction sites, supplies,
equipment, and so on.
(pages 317318)
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Section 2-16
Western Settlement

• Four new statesVermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and
  Ohiowere admitted to the Union between 1791 and
  1803, but only one new state, Louisiana, entered
  during the next 13 years.

• After the War of 1812, a second wave of westward
  expansion began.
• Between 1816 and 1821 five western states were
  created Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama,
  and Missouri.

(page 319)
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Section 2-17
Western Settlement (cont.)

• People tended to settle in communities along the
  rivers and with others from their home
  communities.

• Indiana was settled mainly by people from
  Kentucky and Tennessee.
• Michigans pioneers came mainly from New England.

(page 319)
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Section 2-18
Western Settlement (cont.)

• Life in the West included social events such as
  wrestling and pole jumping for men and quilting
  and sewing parties for women.

• Both men and women gathered for cornhusking.
• Life in the West did not have the conveniences of
  Eastern town life.

(page 319)
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Section 2-19
Western Settlement (cont.)
Why did people travel westward?
Possible answer People traveled westward to make
a new life for themselves and their families.
They traveled for the opportunity to begin a new
community and share in its advantages, for the
excitement and adventure of pioneer life, and
perhaps for change in their lives and hopes of a
better future.
(page 319)
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Section 2-20
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their
definitions on the left.
__ 1. an artificial waterway __ 2. a road that
one must pay to use the money is used to pay for
the road __ 3. in a canal, an enclosure with
gates at each end used in raising or lowering
boats as they pass from level to level __
4. official count of a population
A. turnpike B. canal C. lock D. census
B
A
C
D
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Section 2-21
Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts Describe the improvements for
transportation in the westward expansion during
the early 1800s.
Steamboats and canals made transportation on
inland waterways easier the Erie Canal shipped
goods between the East Coast and the Great Lakes
region the National Road became a new land route
between the East and the Midwest.
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Section 2-22
Reviewing Themes
Science and Technology How did steam-powered
boats improve river travel?
Steamboats could withstand currents and winds to
travel more quickly on rivers.
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Section 2-23
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions How did better
transportation affect westward expansion?
It shortened the travel time and made travel more
comfortable, which made western travel more
attractive.
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Section 2-24
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the information on the
National Road on pages 316317 of your textbook.
When did construction of the National Road begin?
To what city did it extend? How long was the
National Road?
Construction began in 1811. It extended to
Vandalia, Illinois. The National Road was 780
miles long.
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Section 2-25
Geography Create a chart that lists the major
means of transportation that helped the United
States grow. Include the advantages and
disadvantages of each type of transportation.
64
End of Section 2
65
Chapter 10

• Growth and Expansion

66
Introduction 4
Chapter Objectives
Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism

• Describe why sectional differences grew in the
  1820s.

• Identify the effect the Monroe Doctrine had on
  foreign policy.

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Section 3-1
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
As the nation grew, differences in economic
activities and needs increased sectionalism.
Key Terms

• sectionalism

• disarmament
• demilitarize
• court-martial

• internal improvements
• American System

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Section 3-2
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read the section,
re-create the diagram on page 321 of your
textbook and list four issues that created
sectional conflict.
Read to Learn

• why sectional differences grew in the 1820s.

• what effect the Monroe Doctrine had on foreign
  policy.

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Section 3-3
Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Individual Action Senators Calhoun, Webster,
and Clay represented different regions and
different interests.
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Section 3-5
The Era of Good Feelings

• James Monroe won the 1816 presidential election
  easily.

• He had been involved in national politics since
  the American Revolution.

(pages 321322)
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Section 3-6
The Era of Good Feelings (cont.)

• The Federalist Party was almost nonexistent, but
  its programs gained support.

• Political differences seemed to disappear during
  this Era of Good Feelings, and Monroes
  presidency also symbolized the era.
• He traveled around the nation as far south as
  Savannah and as far west as Detroit.
• In 1820 Monroe was reelected, receiving all but
  one electoral vote.

(pages 321322)
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Section 3-7
The Era of Good Feelings (cont.)
Why did Monroe so easily win the elections of
1816 and 1820?
He hardly had opposition from the Federalist
Party. Also, because of the Era of Good Feelings,
people were satisfied with Monroe, so they
elected him to a second term.
(pages 321322)
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Section 3-8
Sectionalism Grows

• Regional differences soon surfaced, and the Era
  of Good Feelings disappeared.

• People felt a strong tie to the region in which
  they lived.
• This promoted sectionalism, or loyalty to a
  region.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-9
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• Differences arose over slavery and national
  policies.

• Slavery was opposed in the North and protected in
  the South.
• National policiessuch as tariffs, a national
  bank, and internal improvements, or federal,
  state, and privately funded projects to develop
  the nations transportation systemwere not
  accepted in all regions of the Union.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-10
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• John Calhoun, a planter from South Carolina, was
  the spokesperson from the South.

• Early on he favored support for internal
  improvements, developing industries, and a
  national bank.
• In the 1820s, he backed state sovereignty, or the
  belief that states should have power over the
  federal government, and was against high tariffs.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-11
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• Calhoun said high tariffs raised the prices of
  manufactured goods planters could not produce
  themselves and tariffs protected unproductive
  corporations.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-12
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• Daniel Webster was first elected to Congress in
  1812 to represent New Hampshire.

• In later years, he represented Massachusetts in
  the House and Senate.
• He began his career as a supporter of free trade
  and the shipping interests of New England.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-13
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• In time he began to favor the Tariff of 1816,
  which protected American industries from foreign
  competition, and other policies that would
  strengthen the nation and help the North.

• He became known as a great orator when, as a
  senator, he spoke in defense of the nation.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-14
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• Henry Clay of Kentucky, a leader who represented
  Western states, became Speaker of the House in
  1811.

• He served as a member of the group who negotiated
  the Treaty of Ghent to end the War of 1812.
• Clay became known as the national leader who
  tried to resolve sectional disputes and conflicts
  through compromise.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-15
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• The Missouri Compromise reached in March 1820
  tried to preserve the balance between the North
  and the South.

• The South wanted Missouri, part of the Louisiana
  Purchase, admitted as a slave state, and the
  North wanted Missouri to be a free state.
• Maines statehood was also discussed.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-16
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• The Compromise stated that

• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
• Maine, still part of Massachusetts, was to be
  admitted as a free state
• slavery was to be banned in the remaining part
  of the Louisiana Territory north of the 3630N
  parallel

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-17
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)
How did the Missouri Compromise preserve the
balance between the North and the South?
The balance kept an equal number of slave and
free states in the Union and satisfied North
versus South regionalism. The issue of applying
for statehood as a slave or free state was hotly
debated. Because the Southern economy depended on
slavery and Missouri was in the South, the South
wanted it admitted as a slave state. Maine in the
North, where slavery was not allowed, was
admitted as a free state.
(pages 322324)
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83
Section 3-18
The American System

• Henry Clay proposed a program called the American
  System in 1824.

• He felt that all regions of the nation would
  benefit from his program which included

• a protective tariff
• a program of internal improvements, especially
  building roads and canals to stimulate trade
• a national bank to promote one national currency
  and to lend money to build industry

(pages 324325)
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84
Section 3-19
The American System (cont.)

• Not everyone agreed.

• Thomas Jefferson thought that the American System
  favored the wealthy manufacturing classes of New
  England.
• The South agreed with Jefferson and did not see
  how it would benefit from the tariff or internal
  improvements.
• Congress adopted some internal improvements and
  created the controversial Second Bank of the
  United States.

(pages 324325)
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85
Section 3-20
The American System (cont.)

• The Supreme Court heard several cases that
  involved sectional and states rights issues.

• McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819 involved the issue
  of whether or not the state of Maryland had the
  right to impose a tax on the Second Bank of the
  United States, a federal institution.
• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland
  did not have the right to tax the Bank because it
  was a federal institution.
• The federal government can coin money, but the
  Constitution does not mention paper money.

(pages 324325)
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86
Section 3-21
The American System (cont.)

• Also, the Constitutional Convention voted against
  giving the federal government the authority to
  charter corporations, including banks.

• In the case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court
  said that states could not enact legislation that
  would interfere with congressional power over
  interstate commerce.

(pages 324325)
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87
Section 3-22
The American System (cont.)
How was nationalism displayed in Clays American
System and in the rulings of the Supreme Court?
Clay believed that his program would benefit all
regions of the country. He thought the protective
tariff would protect American industry and also
provide the government with money to build roads
and canals. Strong businesses could use their
profits to buy more agricultural goods from the
South and ship the goods north along the new
roads and canals. Court rulings strengthened the
national government. States were banned from
imposing a tax on federal institutions in
McCulloch v. Maryland, and states could not enact
legislation to interfere with interstate commerce
regulated by the federal government as in Gibbons
v. Ogden.
(pages 324325)
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88
Section 3-23
Foreign Affairs

• President Monroe signed two agreements to resolve
  long-standing disputes with Britain.

• The first was the Rush-Bagot Treaty, signed in
  1817.
• It set limits on the number of naval vessels each
  could have on the Great Lakes.
• It also provided for the disarmament, or removal
  of weapons, along the border between British
  Canada and the United States.

(pages 325326)
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89
Section 3-24
Foreign Affairs (cont.)

• The second was the Convention of 1818, in which
  the official boundary of the Louisiana Territory
  was set at the 49th parallel and became a
  demilitarized zone, one without armed forces.

• America also was given the right to settle in the
  Oregon Territory.

(pages 325326)
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90
Section 3-25
Foreign Affairs (cont.)

• When General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East
  Florida in April 1818 and took control of two
  Spanish forts, he went beyond his orders to stop
  Seminole raids on American territory.

• The Spanish minister to the United States, Luis
  de Onís, protested and Secretary of War John
  Calhoun said that Jackson should be
  court-martialed.
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed.

(pages 325326)
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91
Section 3-26
Foreign Affairs (cont.)

• Spain signed the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819, in
  which Spain gave East Florida to the United
  States and gave up claims to West Florida.

• In return the United States gave up claims to
  Spanish Texas and agreed to pay 5 million that
  American citizens claimed Spain owed them for
  damages.
• The border between the United States and Spanish
  possessions in the Northwest was extended from
  the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then
  west to the Pacific.

(pages 325326)
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92
Section 3-26
Foreign Affairs (cont.)

• The United States gained a large piece of
  territory on the Pacific northwest as a result of
  this treaty.

(pages 325326)
93
Section 3-28
Foreign Affairs (cont.)
Why do you think Spain agreed to give up
territory it owned in North America to the United
States?
Possible answer Spain did not want to get
involved in a war with the United States. It also
had rebellions to deal with in Mexico and
independence movements in South and Central
America.
(pages 325326)
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94
Section 3-23
Latin American Republics

• Spain faced challenges within its empire in
  North America.

• In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo led a rebellion in Mexico
  calling for racial equality and redistribution of
  land.
• The Spanish defeated his forces and executed him.
  
• In 1821 Mexico gained its independence but not
  the social or economic changes.

(pages 326327)
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95
Section 3-24
Latin American Republics (cont.)

• Simón Bolívar, the Liberator, led an
  independence movement in the northern region of
  South America.

• Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador
  won independence.
• José de San Martín led an independence movement
  in the southern region in which Chile and Peru
  won their independence.

(pages 326327)
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96
Section 3-25
Latin American Republics (cont.)

• By 1824 Spain liberated most of South America.

• What remained of the Spanish Empire consisted of
  Cuba, Puerto Rico, and some Caribbean islands.

(pages 326327)
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97
Section 3-26
Latin American Republics (cont.)

• The Monroe Doctrine, issued on December 2, 1823,
  served to protect North America from increased
  European involvement.

• It stated that the United States would not
  interfere with any existing European colonies in
  the Americas, but it would oppose any new ones.
• When the doctrine was issued, the United States
  did not have the military power to enforce it.
• However, it became and has remained an important
  part of American foreign policy.

(pages 326327)
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98
Section 3-28
Latin American Republics (cont.)
Why was the Monroe Doctrine an important part of
American foreign policy?
It showed other nations that America would not
stand by and allow new European colonization in
North America. America was protective of the
entire North American region.
(pages 326327)
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99
Section 3-29
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their
definitions on the left.
__ 1. policies devised by Henry Clay to stimulate
the growth of industry __ 2. to remove armed
forces from an area __ 3. loyalty to a region
__ 4. removal of weapons __ 5. federal
projects, such as canals and roads, to develop
the nations transportation system
A. sectionalism B. internal improvements C. Americ
an System D. disarmament E. demilitarize
C E A D B
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100
Section 3-30
Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts Describe the disagreement
between the North and South that resulted in the
Missouri Compromise.
The South wanted Missouri to be admitted as a
slave state, while the North wanted it admitted
as a free state.
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display the answer.
101
Section 3-31
Reviewing Themes
Individual Action What action did Daniel Webster
take that shows he placed his concerns for the
nation above his sectional interests?
He supported policies, such as the Tariff of
1816, that he thought would strengthen the United
States, not just the North.
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102
Section 3-32
Critical Thinking
Identifying Central Issues Explain the debate
involved in Gibbons v. Ogden and the final
decision.
The case involved a debate over sectional issues
between nationalists and those supporting states
rights. States could not enact legislation
interfering with congressional power over
interstate commerce.
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display the answer.
103
Section 3-33
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Use the map on page 323 of your
textbook to answer these questions. Which
parallel did the Missouri Compromise line follow?
How many slave states were there in 1820? How
many free states?
The Missouri Compromise line followed the 3630N
parallel. There were 12 slave states in 1820 and
12 free states.
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display the answer.
104
End of Section 3
105
Chapter 10

• Growth and Expansion

106
Chapter Assessment 1
Reviewing Key Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their
definitions on the left.
__ 1. to try by a military court __ 2. system
bringing manufacturing steps together in one
place to increase efficiency __ 3. removal of
weapons __ 4. the change from an agrarian
society to one based on industry which began in
Great Britain and spread to the United States
around 1800
A. Industrial Revolution B. factory
system C. sectionalism D. disarmament E. demilitar
ize F. court-martial
F
B
D
A
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107
Chapter Assessment 2
Reviewing Key Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their
definitions on the left.
__ 5. to remove armed forces from an area __
6. loyalty to a region
A. Industrial Revolution B. factory
system C. sectionalism D. disarmament E. demilitar
ize F. court-martial
E C
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display the answers.
108
Chapter Assessment 3
Reviewing Key Facts
What problems did cities face as a result of
rapid growth during the Industrial Revolution?
Cities faced overcrowding, unsanitary conditions,
disease, and threat of fire as a result of rapid
growth.
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display the answer.
109
Chapter Assessment 4
Reviewing Key Facts
How did canals boost the economy of the Great
Lakes region?
They linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast
and allowed people to ship their goods at a lower
cost.
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display the answer.
110
Chapter Assessment 5
Reviewing Key Facts
How did North and South differ on the issue of
tariffs?
Business interests in the North favored them
agricultural and slavery interests in the South
did not.
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display the answer.
111
Chapter Assessment 6
Reviewing Key Facts
What was the American System?
The American System was a set of policies
proposed by Henry Clay that were supposed to
benefit all sections of the United States
protective tariffs, the building of canals and
roads, and a national bank.
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display the answer.
112
Chapter Assessment 7
Reviewing Key Facts
How did James Monroe change the nations foreign
policy?
He introduced the Monroe Doctrine, which stated
that the United States would oppose any new
European colonies in the Americas, though it
would not interfere with any colonies already in
existence. North and South America were not to be
considered for future colonization by any
European powers.
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display the answer.
113
Chapter Assessment 8
Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes Economic Factors How did the
Industrial Revolution help to make the United
States more economically independent in the early
1800s?
The United States was able to produce more goods
for use domestically and for trade with other
nations. As a result the United States became
less dependent economically on other nations.
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display the answer.
114
Chapter Assessment 9
Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes Global Connections Why did
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams allow
General Jacksons invasion into Spanish East
Florida in 1818?
He figured that Spain would not want to go to war
and would peacefully settle the Florida dispute.
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display the answer.
115
Chapter Assessment 10
Geography and History Activity
In 1819 Spain ceded Florida to the United States
in the Adams-Onís Treaty. The Spanish had
established colonies in Florida beginning in the
1500s. Study the map below and answer the
questions on the following slides.
116
Chapter Assessment 11
Geography and History Activity
Region When was the largest portion of Florida
acquired from Spain?
The largest portion was acquired in 1819.
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display the answer.
117
Chapter Assessment 12
Geography and History Activity
Location What body of water blocked further
expansion of Florida to the west?
The Mississippi River blocked further expansion
to the west.
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display the answer.
118
Chapter Assessment 13
Geography and History Activity
Movement In what direction did the United States
acquire the various parts of Florida?
The U.S. acquired various parts of Florida from
west to east.
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display the answer.
119
Chapter Assessment 14
Standardized Test Practice
Directions Choose the best answer to the
following question.
The South opposed protective tariffs for which
reason?
A They thought tariffs would not work. B They had
very little industry to protect. C They thought
foreign goods were better. D Their main business
was smuggling.
Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that do not
make sense. For example, it is not realistic that
the main business for the entire South was
smuggling. Therefore, answer D cannot be correct.
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display the answer.
120
Chapter Assessment 15
Which American inventor of the early 1800s
invented a torpedo-firing submarine?
Robert Fulton invented a torpedo-firing submarine.
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display the answer.
121
Did You Know 2
In 1815, goods could be sent by land route from
Cincinnati to New York City in 52 days. By the
1840s, after the canal-building boom, goods could
be sent from Cincinnati to New York City, using
an all-water route that included the Erie Canal,
in just 18-20 days.
122
Did You Know 3
The acceptance of Missouri as a new slave state
required the votes of Northern members of
Congress who were willing to compromise. Fourteen
Northern members of Congress joined Southern
members in a vote to admit Missouri as a slave
state. But these votes were costly. Almost all of
the Northerners who voted to admit the slave
state were voted out of office by angry
constituents in the next election.
123
WWWW? 2
Federal Road Building Another federal road
project was completed much later than the
National Road. In the 1950s truckers asked
Congress for modern high-speed highways.
Increased car and truck use on such highways
would benefit the construction, oil, and auto
industries. To justify financing the interstate
highway system with federal funds, Congress
decided that interstates were necessary for
defense.
124
WWWW? 3
Henry Clay Canadian-American Border
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding
slide.
125
WWWW? 3a
Henry Clay Henry Clay first won election to the
House of Representatives in 1811. When the
session began, the other representatives
disregarded his lack of experience and elected
him Speaker of the House.
126
WWWW? 3b
Canadian-American Border Canada and the United
States share more than 6,400 kilometers (3,977
miles) of common border. Relations between the
two countries have generally been good since the
Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 and the Convention of
1818. The border is demilitarized today, with
millions of Canadians and Americans crossing
regularly to work, shop, and vacation.