ORGANIZING LIFE

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ORGANIZING LIFES DIVERSITY

• By
• Dawn M. Thompson

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TRY THIS!!

• Why do you have two names?
• Choose a first name you hear often. Make a list
  of all the people you know with that name.
• Can you see why a two name system is needed?

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WHY ARE THINGS GROUPED?

• Things in everyday life are grouped according to
  similarities.
• Where would you find cookies and coke in the
  grocery store?
• How are books arranged in the library?
• How are you clothes stored at home?
• Grouping puts things in order so they can be
  easily found and shows that the things have
  certain traits in common.

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What is biological classification?

• Grouping of organisms based on similarities.
• Taxonomy - branch of biology that groups and
  names organisms based on similarities.
• Taxonomists study taxonomy.

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Why Classify Organisms?

• Creates order saving time and energy
• Shows how organisms are alike
• /-10 millions species on Earth

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EARLY CLASSIFICATION
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Aristotles system

• Greek philosopher
• 384-322 B.C.
• Grouped plants as trees, shrubs or herbs
  depending on size and structure.
• Grouped animals depending upon where they lived,
  air, water or land.
• Obvious problems with system what problems can
  you think of?

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Linnaeuss system

• Swedish botanist
• 18th century
• Grouped organisms into two groups according to
  specific physical and structural similarities.
• The two major groups kingdoms were plants and
  animals.
• Organisms with the same traits were put into the
  same smaller group and called a species.

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Binomial nomenclature

• Linnaeus also devised a two part naming system
  binomial nomenclature
• Genus species
• Homo sapiens
• Latin, seldom change.
• Italics or printed and underlined
• Reduces confusion created by common names

Turdus migratorius
Erithacus rubecula
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CLASSIFICATION TODAY

• Today seven groups (taxons) are used to classify
  an organism.

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Taxonomic rankings

• Kingdom (least amount of similar
  characteristics, large )
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species (most similar characteristics,
  small )

• Kids
• Play
• Cards
• On
• Friday
• Going
• Ski-ing

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Feline Family Members
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Classifying a House Cat
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COMPARING A HOUSE CAT AND A DEER.
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COMAPRING A HOUSE CAT AND A LION
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COMPARING A HOUSE CAT AND AN OCTOPUS
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DETERMINATION OF EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
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Structural similarities

• Shared physical characteristics indicates
  different species may have evolved from a common
  ancestor.
• Cat family all have retractable claws.

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Breeding behavior

• Similar animals having different breeding
  patterns are two separate species.
• Frogs.
• One species may reproduce in the spring
  while another reproduces in the fall.

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Geographical distribution

• Species location helps determine its relationship
  to others.
• Galapagos finches sharing a common ancestor is
  supported by their distribution.

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Chromosome comparisons

• Number of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
• Similar chromosomes in chimps, gorillas, and
  humans suggest common ancestry.

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Biochemistry

• The more closely organisms are related the more
  similar their DNA.
• Based on DNA analysis giant pandas are more
  closely related to bears than red pandas.

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PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION

• Phylogeny evolutionary history of a species.
• Phylogenetic classification shows the
  evolutionary history between species.
• Cladistics
• System of classification based on phylogeny.
• Assumes groups of organisms diverge and evolve
  from common ancestral organisms.
• A cladagram is a model of the phylogeny of a
  species.
• Refer to page 466
• Do mini lab 17.2 page 467.

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Cladagram
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6 Major Kingdoms

• Prokaryotes, unicellular, auto/heterot asexual
  rep
• prokaryotes unicellular,
• auto/heterot asexual rep
• Eukaryotes, unicellular, auto/hetrot,asexual/sex
• Eukaryotes,multicellular absorptive feeders,
• Eukaryotes,muticellular, autotrophs, sexual rep
• Eukaryotes, muticellular, heterotrophs, sexual rep

• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Planta
• Animalia

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria was the kingdom
monera in the old 5 kingdom system
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TYPICAL BACTERIA
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ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA (MONERA)

• Prokaryotes
• Unicellular
• Autotrophic /heterotrophic
• Asexual or sexual reproduction

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TYPICAL PROTISTA

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PROTISTA

• Eukaryotic
• Uni/multicellular
• Auto/heterotrophic
• Asexual or sexual reproduction

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TYPICAL FUNGI
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FUNGI

• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular/ multicellular
• Heterotrophic by adsorption
• Asexual or sexual reproduction

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TYPICAL PLANTS
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PLANTAE

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic by photosynthesis
• Cellulose cell wall
• Usually sexual reproduction

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TYPICAL ANIMALS
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ANIMALIA

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic by ingestion
• Usually sexual reproduction

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Domains

• Domain 1 Eubacteria
• Domain 2 Archeabacteria
• Domain 3 Eukarya protista
• fungi
• plantae
• animalia

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BYE FOLKS
THAT'S IT