Biotechnology A historical overview Dr Chee Kai Chan La Trobe University

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Biotechnology A historical overviewDr Chee Kai
ChanLa Trobe University
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Biotechnology
DNA FINGER PRINTING CRIMINIAL PROFILING CRIME
SCENE INVESTIGATION
Forensic
Human Genome Project Functional
genomics PROTEOMICS
CANCER RESEARCH GENE THERAPY THERAPEUTIC
CLONING STEM CELLS
Restriction enzymology Cloning Microarrays/GENE
CHIP
Genomics
CHEESE BEER WINE BREAD YOGHURT
Medical Biotech
Recombinant DNA
HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEM VACCINES ANTIBODIES
Fermentation
Immunology
Modern Biotech
Classical Biotech
Breeding
Microbial Biotech
FOOD BIOTECH ENZYMOLOGY ANTIBIOTICS FUELS BIOPOLYM
ERS AGRICULTURE BIOREMEDIATION
Marine Biotech
ANIMAL HUSBUNDARY CROP IMPROVEMENT HIGHER
YEILD HIGHER RESISTANCE
Plant Biotech
Animal Biotech
FISH BIOTECH NATURAL BIOPRODUCTS
TISSUE CULTURE GENETICALLY MODIFIED MEDICIANL
TRANSGENICS AGRICULTURE
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Dynamic time lineof biotechnology

• http//www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline2.asp
• http//www.childrensmuseum.org/biotech/timeline.ht
  m

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Definitions

• Use of biology to solve problems
• Developing Biological products useful to man
• Biotechnology was first coined in 1917 by Karl
  Ereky, a Hungarian engineer and for much of the
  last century it has been the broad term applied
  to the use of any living organism for a practical
  purpose, anything from the selective breeding of
  plants and animals to fermentation of beer or
  treatment of sewage with organic materials.

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Classical Biotech ? Cutting edge Biotech

• Making of bread using yeast
• Wine from grapes
• Cheese yoghurt from milk
• Beers from malt barley
• New crops and animals from breeding
• Therapeutic drugs-magic bullet
• GM Super crops pest resistant and bumper yield
• Nanobots for microsurgery
• Personalized medicine, information of personal
  genome on a chip

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Biotechnology Is it something new ?
Prehistoric attempts by ancient ancestors to
manipulate genetic composition of useful
species.

• Domestication of animals and cultivation of
  plants
• Artificial selection of genetic variation or
  selective breeding
• Evidence since 8000-1000BC
• Eg maize, rice, wheat, palms, dogs, horses,
  camels ,oxens

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Yeast for baking, wine beers
Sumerian tablet recipe for beer 3200 BC Ancient
Egyptians diet included bread beer Chinese use
of fermentation using beneficial bacteria to
flavor and preserve food. Aztecs make cakes from
Spirulina algae.
5000 year old bread
http//www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem101/alcohol
/alcohol.htm
http//www.touregypt.net/featurestories/bread.htm
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Herbs for medicine ancient vaccines
Saffron- stigmas of the flower Crocus sativus
Cumin
Tumeric
And the ancient Chinese first inoculated people
with a weakened strain of the smallpox (variola)
virus to prevent further infection
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Greek ideas of inheritance
Hippocrates (400-500BC) Various parts of a mans
body contains humors that are bearers of
hereditary traits that are drawn to
contribute to the semen. Offspring preformed as
miniature, newborn which will inherit the
traits of father. Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Male semen possess the vital heat which
cooks and shapes the menstrual blood which
is the physical substance to give rise to
an offspring Embryo develops as a result of
shaping power of vital heat.
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Dawn of modern biology1600-
Theory of Epigenesis Embryonic development
Differentiates into adult structures and organs
not present initially. They are formed de
novo. Theory of Preformation Sex cell contain a
complete miniature adult called the
homunculus. Its perfect in every form Still
popular in the 1700s Dispel by embryologist
Casper Wolff.
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1850-1900birth of modern genetics
Charles Darwin Origin of species
Gregor Mendel Principles of Inheritance in pea
plants
Natural selection. How does the variation that
drives evolution get transmitted? If Darwin had
considered Mendel's work he would have an
available answer. Darwin did receive Mendel's
paper but was unread (unopened).
Why was Mendel's work not appreciated b4 1900?
Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries Tschermak
Rediscovery of Mendels work. Beginning of
modern genetics
1900
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Gregor Johann Mendelfather of classical genetics
Heinzendorf Central Europe Augustinian
monk 1856 Developed the theory of
inheritance Demonstrated with statistical data
from crossing Pisum sativum Units of inheritance
exist and parents transmit these traits to
offspring in predictable pattern. Hybridization
expts thru careful observation, experimental
design, analysis and good science laid down the
principles of transmission genetics Unappreciate
d , but rediscovered 1900
Experiments in plant hybridization
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Pasteurization

• -1861 French chemist Louis Pasteur develops
  pasteurization - preserving food by heating it to
  destroy harmful microbes.

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Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Chromosomes discovered in early 20th
century Epigenetic interpretation was further
established Inherited traits are controlled by
genes They reside in chromosomes These traits are
faithfully transmitted through gametes
(reproductive cell) to future individuals in the
next generation
Thomas Hunt Morgan
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1900-1950cell biology, chromosomes, the search
for genetic material
Barbara McClintock Jumping genes Colour
variation in Maize Transposable elements
Stevens Wilson Sex chr XX female XY male
Thomas H Morgan Chr theory of inheritance X
linked inheritance Fly lab (Sturtevant) Linkage
analysis
1902
Avery, MacLeod McCarty Purified the
transforming principle found to be DNA
1910
1944
1950
1900
1908
1919 term biotechnology used fro the 1st
time Karl Ereky
1945
Archibald Garrod Inborn errors of metabolism Due
to lack of specific enzyme (albinism
alkaptonuria)
Max Delbruck Bacteriophages
1st antibiotic Penicillin discovered
by Alexander Fleming Howard Florey 1928
NB Nucleic acid was 1st discovered 1869 by
Friedrich Miescher obtained from pus
Erwin Chargaff AT, GC ratio
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1950-1980The code breakers
Francis Crick James Watson Solved double
helix structure of DNA
Paul Berg Herb Boyer 1st recombinant DNA
molecules
Fred Sanger DNA sequencing
Rosalind Franklin X-ray diffraction photos of DNA
Smith Wilcox 1st restriction enzyme Hind III
1953
1951
1972
1977
1970
1980
1960
1970
1950
Monolconal antibody 1975 Kohler and Milstein.
1952
Martha Chase Alfred Hershey Proof that DNA
is Molecule of heredity
Boyer Human Insulin from bacteria 1978 Genentech
The dawn of biotechnology
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1960s-1980s

• 1960's Olah Hornykiewicz, who originally
  discovered that Parkinson's disease - development
  of L-Dopa as a therapeutic agent while working in
  Toronto.
• 1961 Discovery of the hematopoietic stem cell by
  Toronto researchers
• 1975 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein show that
  fusing cells can generate monoclonal antibodies.
• 1982 First genetically engineered product -
  human insulin produced by Eli Lilly and Company
  using E. coli bacteria - is approved for use by
  diabetics.

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1980-2000
Automated DNA Sequencing machine Caltech ABI
1986
Huntington's disease Linked to marker Gusella
Embryonic stem cells
Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2 Obesity
gene Apoptosis gene etc identified
Gene therapy trial
Alec Jeffreys DNA fingerprinting 1984
1998
2000
1990
1994
1980
1997
1989
GM corn, FlavrSavr tomatoes
1987
Wilmut Clones Dolly
1985
Olson, YAC
Kary Mullis PCR
Gene Chip
Francis Collins Lap Chee Tsui Identified gene
CFTR (cystic fibrosis)
Gene control of development in Drosophila
Check timeline
Human Genome project
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2000-2010
1986
Rice genome seq-2002
Preimplantation genetics
Personalised medicine
Embryonic stem cells differentiated to heart
muscle cells
Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2 Obesity
gene Apoptosis gene etc identified
Personal genome Sequencing 1000
1988
1998
2010
2005
1994
2000
1989
GM corn, tomatoes FlavrSavr
1987
1985
Olson, YAC
Alec Jeffreys DNA fingerprinting
Glofish 2003 GM zebrafish
Gene Chip
Francis Collins Lap Chee Tsui Identified gene
CFTR (cystic fibrosis)
Gene control of development in Drosophila
Check timeline
Human Genome project
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Gene-ethics II
Genetics and agriculture GM food increased
yields, increase resistance to pest etc super
strains and special desirable qualities eg
increase protein yield, with special vitamins,
or aa, reduce vulnerability to weather
conditions or pesticide. Green
revolution-Borlaug, Nobel prize 1970-mexican
wheat Bt (B.thuringiensis) pest resistance
(produce toxin that kills insects) Round up
(glyphosate resistance gene) Genetics and
medicine Human Genome project Gene therapy
Animal Cloning Human Cloning Stem
cells-regenerative medicine
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Biotechnology
DNA FINGER PRINTING CRIMINIAL PROFILING CRIME
SCENE INVESTIGATION
Forensic
Human Genome Project Functional
genomics PROTEOMICS
CANCER RESEARCH GENE THERAPY THERAPEUTIC
CLONING STEM CELLS
Restriction enzymology Cloning Microarrays/GENE
CHIP
Genomics
CHEESE BEER WINE BREAD YOGHURT
Medical Biotech
Recombinant DNA
HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEM VACCINES ANTIBODIES
Fermentation
Immunology
Modern Biotech
Classical Biotech
Breeding
Microbial Biotech
FOOD BIOTECH ENZYMOLOGY ANTIBIOTICS FUELS BIOPOLYM
ERS AGRICULTURE BIOREMEDIATION
Marine Biotech
ANIMAL HUSBUNDARY CROP IMPROVEMENT HIGHER
YEILD HIGHER RESISTANCE
Plant Biotech
Animal Biotech
FISH BIOTECH NATURAL BIOPRODUCTS
TISSUE CULTURE GENETICALLY MODIFIED MEDICIANL
TRANSGENICS AGRICULTURE