Porifera

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Porifera
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Phylum Porifera the sponges

• Porus (pore) Fera (bearing) Abundant marine
  group with some fresh water species. Can range in
  size from a few mm high to 1-2 meters.

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Classification Kingdom Animalia
(animals) Phylum Porifera (sponges) Classes 1.
Calcarea (calcium carbonate )- having spicules,
only class with asconoid and synconoid canals 2.
Demosponginae (horn sponges, like the bath
sponge) 90 of all sponges 3. Scleropongiae
(coralline or tropical reef sponges) 4.
Hexactinellida (glass sponges). Mostly deep, cold
water
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Common Examples

• Glassy Sponge

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Common Examples

• Glassy Sponge
• Encrusting Sponge

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Common Examples

• Glassy Sponge
• Encrusting Sponge
• Finger Sponge

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Common Examples

• Glassy Sponge
• Encrusting Sponge
• Finger Sponge
• Tube Sponge

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Common Examples

• Glassy Sponge
• Encrusting Sponge
• Finger Sponge
• Tube Sponge
• Orange Sponge

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Characteristics

• Porifera are asymmetrical
• No organs, mouth, digestive system or nervous
  tissue.
• Their bodies are porous, with canals and chambers
  thru which a water current flows,
• One or more internal cavities lined with
  choanocytes.

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• Simplest Multicellular Organism
• Classified by their skeleton
• Pump 22.5 liters (on average) of water a day
  through its body

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• No mouth organs, systems, digestive tract, anus,
  nerve cells.
• Surface perforated by numerous pores. These outer
  pores are called the pinacocytes
• Incurrent openings are small and numerous (called
  ostia)
• Excurrent - few and large

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• Internal cavities.
• Interior is hollow (called the spongocoel) or can
  be permeated by numerous channels.
• Some or all interior spaces are lined by
  specialized cells called choanocytes. These cells
  beat and pull water through the ostia.
• -The mesohyl lies between the inner and outer
  cell layers. It contains a jelly like fluid
  called the mesoglea.

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Sponge Anatomy 101
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How do sponges eat?

• Sponges are suspension feeders.
• Water brings in food that is trapped by the
  choanocytes and transferred to the rest of the
  sponge by cells called archaeocytes.

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How do sponges eat?
choanocytes
amebocytes
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Sponge Organization

• The body is supported by an endoskeleton of
  spongin (a form of collagen) and/or tiny spicules
  (made of calcium or silica).

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Spicules

• calcium carbonate
• microscopic
• geometric
• all over sponges body
• fingerprint of sponge

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Canal Systems

• Three major types
• Asconoid-the simplest type of organization. Small
  and tube shaped, water enters the sponge through
  dermal pores and flows into the interior.

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Asconoid
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Canal Systems

• Syconoid-larger versions of asconoids, still
  having just a single osculum. However, the body
  wall is generally thicker and more complex with
  incurrent canals rather than simple pores.

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Syconoid
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Canal Systems

• Leuconoid-the most complex in design in that not
  all the chambers are flagellated.
• Water flowing in through incurrent canals is
  pumped through the chambers and expelled via one
  of a series of oscula.
• Best adapted to increase size.

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Leuconoid
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Sponge Reproduction
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Cool Stuff Regeneration!

• Tremendous ability to repair and restore lost
  parts.
• Sponge tissue has some similarity to human
  connective tissue. Could lead to aid in tissue
  transplantation.
• Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual budding can produce new sponges.
• Sexual Reproduction
• Most sponges are hermaphroditic and can
  internally fertilize themselves.

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Importance of Sponges

1. Reefs provide habitat for many animals
2. Vacuums of the sea -- clean up the sea
   floor/oceans
3. Sponges are a commercial venture
4. Several medicinal compounds, including
   antibiotics, antivirual drugs, and drugs for
   leukemia come from sponges.

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Rope Sponges
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Question 1

• Which of the following characteristics makes
  sponges unique among other animals?
• They are multicellular.
• They are heterotrophic.
• They do not have a mouth or gut.
• They are capable of reproducing sexually.

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Question 2

• What type of cellular structure does a
  choanocyte use to help create the current inside
  a sponge?
• cilium
• flagellum
• spongellium
• pseudopodium

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Question 3

• The skeleton of a sponge includes tiny
  crystal-like structures that are called
• spongin
• spicules
• collagen
• choanocytes

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Question 4

• Which of the following sponge body types would
  you expect to find in this sponge from the video?
• Asconoid
• Syconoid
• Leuconoid

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Question 5

• Which of the four classes of sponges includes
  sponges with both silica and calcium carbonate in
  their skeletons?
• Calcarea
• Hexactinellida
• Demospongiae
• Sclerospongiae