Realism in Science and Art

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Realism in Science and Art

• Just as in politics, culture of the 2nd half of
  the 1800s focused on realism and practical
  achievements. Knowledge grew as did focus on the
  material world

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Science

• As IR happened science became valuable b/c it
  creates technology. Physics improves engines
  (thermodynamics) Govt becomes more involved in
  promoting research- science becomes more
  specialized

• For many- science became virtually a new
  religion- full of miraculous achievements.
• Science also valued more than ever b/c it is
  improving life and standard of living

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Bacterial Revolution- We finally find out what
makes you sick!!

• Louis Pasteur Germ Theory

• Joseph Lister Antiseptics

• Pasteurization- heat kills bacteria- reduces food
  poisoning.
• Significant reduction of
• Typhus, yellow fever

• Clean procedures for surgery and medicine. Fewer
  people die of infection.
• Deaths from Cholera,
• With better medical care

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Dmitri Mendeleev Michael Faraday

• Developed Periodic Table 1869

• Electro Magnetism/ thermomagnetic induction.
• Created 1st Dynamo (generator) which led the way
  to electric motors by 1870s

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New Physics

• Physics created and shaped by Isaac Newton- said
  the universe is a machine with matter and space
  operating independently.
• Marie Curie atoms are made of smaller parts
  (proton, electron etc.)
• Max Planck a heated body radiates energy in
  irregular streams or quanta

• Challenged the belief (from Sci Rev) that the
  universe can be FULLY understood- it is
  relative
• Curie/Plancks theories showed that matter and
  energy could be two forms of the same thing-
  which shook 19th century viewpoint of world.
• Ernest Rutherford Split the Atom 1919

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Albert Einstein

• Theory of Relativity 1905. Space and time are not
  absolute- but are relative to the observer.
  Matter and energy reflect the relativity of time
  and space (Emc2)
• Matter holds huge amounts of energy- which can be
  harnessed.

• Universe is infinite- matter and energy are
  interchangeable.

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Charles Darwin and Evolution

• Had greatest impact on general thought in the
  late 1800s.
• 1859 published the Origin of Species about
  evolution and survival of the fittest- natural
  selection. Implied aggression is the best way to
  survive
• Controversial- seen as against bible- descent of
  man linked to apes

• All life evolved from a common origin- and is
  engrossed in an unending struggle for survival-
  we must adapt to survive.
• Darwin himself didnt comment much on his work-
  popularized and publicized by other- Thomas Huxley

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Social Darwinism

• Applied survival of fittest to social situations.
• Herbert Spencer successful individuals and races
  are worthy b/c they are strongest.
• Used to justify oppression and imperialism

• Will lead to scientific racism (4 major races,
  whites meant to rule the world)

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Social Sciences

• New interest in scientific study of culture-
  both present and past. Who are we? Why do we do
  what we do?
• History, psychology, anthropology, archeology,
  all developed between 1850-1900 Research and
  education

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August Comte Sociology

• Father of sociology. Advocated science (rather
  than religion) as a rule for society. (Plato
  Republic)
• Positivism all intellectual development goes
  through predictable stages- thus humans can use
  that to learn about and define relationships.
  Social Science can regulate the world for the
  better

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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis

• Vienna 1856-1939. founder of idea of therapy
  (psychoanalysis) Said humans are irrational
• Said emotional disturbances can be traced to
  (repressed) incidents in early life- and if they
  are defined a person can be cured. The
  unconscious (ID) plays a huge role in behavior
  (dreams)
• Repressed sexual frustrations create mental
  disturbances.
• Marx, Darwin, and Freud are the 3 big thinkers of
  the late 1800s

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The Arts Realism

• Belief that literature and art should depict life
  as it IS. Reaction to failed revolutions of 1848-
  loss of idealism

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Realism in Literature

• Focus on ordinary characters in real life (not
  solitary heroes romantic settings).
• Used them to explore social issues. Careful
  observation and accurate description (avoid
  poetry and flowery language)
• Fed realpolitik and social reform

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Authors

• Gustave Flaubert Madame Bovary
• William Thackery Vanity Fair
• Charles Dickens Oliver Twist, David Copperfield,
  Great Expectations
• Fyodor Dostoevsky Crime and Punishments

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Other Authors

• Honore de Balzac the Human Comedy. Urban society
  as greedy and immoral (social darwinism)
• Leo Tolstoy War and Peace. A fatalistic story of
  love and loss
• Henrik Ibsen Father of Modern Drama. Hedda
  Gebbler, a Dolls House. Examine social issues
  and morality.

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Art Realism

• Photography (Louis Daguerre 1830s) made capturing
  a REAL image possible (george eastman 1890s)
• Gustave Courbet/Francois Millet realist
  painters- bleak reality of the industrial age
• Art no longer required wealth patrons, done for
  arts sake. Paris center of art world- painting
  sent to Paris Salon to be viewed and juddged

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Impressionism

• Rebelled against realism. Capture a moment by
  focusing on light and color. Paint quickly
  spontaneously. Use more pigments, bolder colors,
  visible strokes.
• Lots of painting outdoors (tubes of paint
  available) Often did a series of the same object
  at different times or seasons to capture
  different feeling

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Artists

• Claude Monet father of series painting. (water
  lilies) demonstrates shift in movement from
  realism to abstraction
• Edgar Degas dancers, movement
• Camille Pissaro landscapes- actually got
  blurry before Monet- some say HE is father of
  impressionism
• Pierre Renoir children and ordinary people

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Post Impressionism

• Forerunner of modern art. Use light and color,
  (like impressionists) but move towards expression
  of inner feeling rather than a moment in time
• Vincent Van Gogh his originality is staggering-
  his painting show a different world
• Pablo Picasso Cubism- creating familiar objects
  from geometric shapes

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More post impressionism

• Gauguin expressionist- moved to south pacific
• Paul Cezzane order and design in still lifes.
• Henri Matisse was about form, line and color,
  not the object
• Wassily kandinsky expressionist, and 1st
  abstract painter

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Age of Mass Politics

• By 1870s the countries of Europe had evolved into
  strong nations (some more than others)
• Focus is on strengthening, which will become
  competitive by the end of the century

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Universal Manhood Suffrage

• By 1914 most men in Europe could vote. Voting
  recognized the individual and gave him a stake in
  politics
• Mass Politics valued opinions of all groups, not
  just elite. Govts became more responsible to
  public, competing parties to represent different
  ideas.
• Less positive side was govt manipulating voters
  for their own ends- asking for blind patriotism,
  or an us v. them attitude

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Womens Suffrage

• Feminism often considered unorthodox and
  disturbing. Govt feared women would be overly
  influenced. Class differences often hindered
  women from working together to achieve rights.
• Norway 1st country to grant women the vote.

• Positive argument- women were naturally moral-
  would be good influence.
• Womens rights began with things like property
  and marriage rights
• Continent generally less supportive- France
  didnt give women vote until 1945.

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Great Britain (and US)

• Had most advanced womens movements. Split
  between moderates (National Union of Suffrage
  Millicent Fawcett) who wanted to work slowly and
  convince men. And Radicals (Womens social and
  political union Emmiline Pankhurst) who used
  extreme, disruptive tactics

• Suffragettes came largely from middle classes
  (had more time for activism)
• Women chained themselves to fences, went on
  hunger strikes (cat and mouse acts, women freed
  until healthy, then re-jailed)
• Rep. of People Act 1918- suffrage for women over
  30. 1928, amended to over 21

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Minority Rights Jewish

• Long denied equality- but gained specific rights-
  more in western than eastern Europe
• 1848- citizenship in Ger states, Italy, low
  countries and Scandinavia. 1867 Legal rights in
  Austria
• As a cultural group- active in literary and
  cultural movements. Often liberal (seeking
  reform/change) more radical in Austria/Russia

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Pogroms

• Russia VERY anti-semitic. Restrictions on where
  Jews could live, types of jobs etc.
• Pogroms were govt sanctioned and organized
  rights to destroy Jewish homes and property.
  (scapegoating use attacks as release for other
  issues)
• 1880s and 90s particularly bad- Jews blamed for
  econ issues, revolutions etc

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Labor Movements

• Realpolitik meant workers stopped rioting for
  rights too (standard of living rising, focus on
  improvements to wages, hours, conditions) Began
  to work- more successfully- within the system
  through politics. Formed unions, workers parties.
  England legalized unions 1875, France 1884,
  Germany 1890. Used peaceful (sometimes) strikes
  for better conditions.

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Socialism

• As voting expanded of socialists did too. Even
  with expanded rights, many still saw the
  capitalist system as fundamentally flawed. German
  Socialist Dem. Party.
• Because nationalism is strong in this era-
  international movements (which is what pure
  marxism calls for) are often weak.
  Internationale communist movement- often
  hampered by nationalist issues.
• Marxism begins to go through adaptations

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Life at the Fin de Siecle

• Turn of the century good old days of Western
  Europe. They are powerful, have good econ, most
  major political issues are over

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Belle Epoque

• 1895-1914
• Standard of living highest it has ever been (to
  that point) in West (Not so much in East/South)
• Real wages doubled from 1800-1900- creation of
  1st consumer culture

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Leisure Activities

• Increased disposable income gave lower classes to
  spend on entertainment. Radio/phonograph
• Vacations (loved the seaside) can travel farther
  through public transport and cars
• Sports (both participating in and watching)
  Bicycle craze
• Changes to womens clothing to accommodate
  activities