Chapter 14: A New Spirit of Change Section 1: The Hopes of Immigrants Section 3: Reforming American Society

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Chapter 14 A New Spirit of ChangeSection 1
The Hopes of Immigrants Section 3 Reforming
American Society
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Around the 1850s a lot of immigrants began
coming to America

• An immigrant is someone who comes into a
  country.
• An emigrant (7) is someone who leaves a country.

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Coming to America was much different 150 years
ago.

• At that time, about 2/3 of all immigrants came
  from Europe.
• They probably came over on a ship with the
  cheapest passage possible.
• Conditions were filthy and people were often sick
  on the way over here.
• When they got here, many did the Ellis Island
  thing

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There are push-pull factors for moving (8-16)

• Europe had started to become too crowded.
• Many European farmers were forced off their
  lands. They needed a new place to live and
  America had places they might be able to continue
  to farm.
• Some countries had crop failures and famines
  people came here rather than starve (The Irish
  Potato Famine).
• The Industrial Revolution meant people had to
  look for jobs in factories and there were more
  of those jobs in the U.S.
• Many people left Europe for religious and even
  political reasons.

• Freedom people in the United States could be /
  do anything they wanted.
• There were better economic opportunities in the
  United States.
• There were millions of acres of open and
  unclaimed land just waiting for the opportunity
  to be settled.

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One of the large immigrant groupsThe
Scandinavians

• They liked that America had a lot of land.
• They moved to places here that were very much
  like their homeland farming areas with lakes,
  forests, and colder weather (Minnesota and
  Wisconsin)

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Another 1800s immigrant group The Germans

• Liked Wisconsin they could farm and grow oats
  and grains (beer?) (and for a while the Catholic
  Bishop in Milwaukee was a German).
• Many also settled in Texas.
• Many also became bakers, butchers, carpenters,
  printers, shoemakers, and tailors.

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The largest 1800s immigrant group The Irish

• Most were Catholic.
• At that time Britain ruled Ireland and gave the
  Irish no rights they couldnt vote, own land,
  or go to school, so some came to get away from
  that.
• But in 1845 a disease attacked the Irish potato
  crop and destroyed much of the Irish food supply.
  Over 1 million Irish starved to death and almost
  2 million more left and came to America.

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The Irish

• In America they stayed in the cities they sailed
  to they had no money to move anywhere else.
• By 1850 they were ¼ of the populations of Boston,
  New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
• They were mostly uneducated with few skills and
  little training.
• They had to take the worst jobs.
• Irish immigrants often were not wanted in
  America. Ads for employment often were followed
  by "NO IRISH NEED APPLY."
• Immigration laws

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With all these immigrants cities became VERY
crowded especially east coast cities.

• Many cities doubled in size every 5-10 years.
• There often wasnt enough housing and many
  immigrants would have to share the same
  apartments because of money too).
• It was also a time without modern plumbing,
  sewer, and water systems, garbage pickup, police
  and fire departments, and had overall poor
  general sanitation

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NYC - 1849
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Wall Street - 1850
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NYC 1850 Tenement
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There have always been people who are prejudiced
(22/27)

• A negative opinion that is not based on facts.

• Some people felt these immigrants would never
  learn American ways.
• Some felt they might take over.
• Some felt all the Catholics might somehow
  overthrow our countrys ideals of democracy.

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These people who felt they needed to eliminate
foreigners were called nativists

• People who believed they were way better than
  immigrants

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Of course, the only group that is really native
to America
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In the early 1800s Americans began to believe
they could try and make their lives better

• There were several different ways they thought
• people could improve their lives.

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Temperance (38/42) Societies(not drinking
alcohol)

• People drank a lot of alcohol in the early
  1800s.
• Some workers (men) spent too much money on
  getting drunk and their wives got upset.
• Many women joined the temperance movement.
• They were also supported by business owners who
  wanted their workers at work (not hung over and
  not drunk).

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• Organized group that protects and watches out for
  workers

• Workers Rights
• Labor unions (44/47) began to form and they
  demanded better working conditions.
• Theyd even go on strike if they needed to for
  shorter working hours, higher wages, and better
  working conditions.
• In 1840, President Van Buren even passed a law
  government employees were limited to 10 hour
  working days.

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Improving Education

• Better schools started in the 1830s.
• Blame Horace Mann (48) the first person put in
  charge of schools.
• Boston 1821 1st public high school.
• Churches and private groups began to open up a
  lot of private colleges.

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But

• Women usually couldnt go to college.
• Elizabeth Blackwell (52) 1st woman with a
  medical degree 1849.

• African-Americans
• In the south illegal to teach slaves after the
  Nat Turner rebellion.
• In the north they usually were not allowed.
• Later on after the civil War (1865) more
  Black colleges / universities opened in the South

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Caring for the needy

• Dorothea Dix (54) did a lot to help both women
  and women/people in jail.
• In those days the mentally ill were put in jail
  and all the jails were horrible.
• Theyd put criminals, mentally ill, and even
  children all in the same cells.
• They also started looking at the possibility of
  rehabilitating prisoners.
• Another was helping the blind and/or deaf like
  Thomas Gallaudet (56) whos school is still the
  best school in the country for the deaf

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Newspapers were really starting to grow and
then everyone could know what was going on and be
better informed.

• Papers only cost a penny and people could hear
  all the up to date news.

• More magazines started to be published even
  special interest magazines (Ladies Magazine /
  Godeys Ladys Book)

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