Unit 2, Part 2 Unit EQ: How does the Structures and function of tissues relate to how the body works?

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Unit 2, Part 2Unit EQ How does the Structures
and function of tissues relate to how the body
works?

• GPS SAP1e
• e. Describe how structure and function are
  related in terms of cell and tissue types.

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Body Tissues

• Tissues
• Groups of cells with similar structure function
• Four primary types
• Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue

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1. Epithelial Tissues

• Locations
• Body coverings
• Body linings
• Glandular tissue/ Glands
• Functions
• Protection
• Absorption/ diffusion
• Filtration
• Secretion

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Epithelium Characteristics

• Cells fit closely together often form sheets
  held together by tight junctions
• The apical (top) surface is the free surface of
  the tissue
• The lower surface is the basal membrane rests
  on a basement membrane
• Avascular (no blood supply)
• Regenerate easily if well nourished

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Epithelium Characteristics
Figure 3.17a
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Classification of Epithelia

1. Number of cell layers
2. Shape of cells

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Classification of Epithelia

• Number of cell layers
• Simpleone layer
• Stratifiedmore than one layer

Figure 3.17a
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Classification of Epithelia

• Shape of cells
• Squamous
• flattened
• Cuboidal
• cube-shaped
• Columnar
• column-like

Figure 3.17b
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Simple Epithelia

• Simple squamous
• Single layer of flat cells
• Usually forms membranes
• Lines body cavities
• Lines lungs and capillaries

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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18a
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Simple Squamous
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Simple Squamous
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Simple Squamous
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Simple Epithelia

• Simple cuboidal
• Single layer of cube-like cells
• Common in glands and their ducts
• Forms walls of kidney tubules
• Covers the ovaries
• Filter/ secrete

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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18b
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Simple Cuboidal
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Simple Cuboidal
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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
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Simple Epithelia

• Simple columnar
• Single layer of tall cells
• Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells
• Lines digestive /or respiratory tract
• Often ciliated

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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18c
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Simple Columnar
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Simple Columnar Epithelia
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Ciliated Columnar Epithelia
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SIMPLE COLUMNAR
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Simple Epithelia

• Pseudostratified columnar
• Single layer, but some cells are shorter than
  others
• Often looks like a double layer of cells
• Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory
  tract
• May function in absorption or secretion

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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18d
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Ciliate Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia
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Stratified Epithelia

• Stratified squamous
• Cells at the apical surface are flattened
• Found as a protective covering where friction is
  common
• Locations
• Skin
• Mouth
• Esophagus

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Stratified Epithelia
Figure 3.18e
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Stratified Squamous
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STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
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Stratified Epithelia

• Stratified cuboidaltwo layers of cuboidal cells
• Stratified columnarsurface cells are columnar,
  cells underneath vary in size and shape
• Stratified cuboidal and columnar
• Rare in human body
• Found mainly in ducts of large glands

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STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
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STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
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Stratified Epithelia

• Transitional epithelium
• Shape of cells depends upon the amount of
  stretching
• Lines organs of the urinary system

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Stratified Epithelia
Figure 3.18f
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Transitional (collapsed)
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Transitional (extended)
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Glandular Epithelium

• Gland
• One or more cells responsible for secreting a
  particular product

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Glandular Epithelium

• Two major gland types
• Endocrine gland
• Ductless since secretions diffuse into blood
  vessels
• All secretions are hormones
• Exocrine gland
• Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial
  surface
• Include sweat and oil glands

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Connective Tissue

• Found everywhere in the body
• Includes the most abundant and widely distributed
  tissues
• Functions
• Binds body tissues together
• Supports the body
• Provides protection

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Connective Tissue Characteristics

• Variations in blood supply
• Some tissue types are well vascularized
• Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular
• Extracellular matrix
• Non-living material that surrounds living cells

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Extracellular Matrix

• Two main elements
• Ground substancemostly water along with adhesion
  proteins and polysaccharide molecules
• Fibers
• Produced by the cells
• Three types
• Collagen (white) fibers
• Elastic (yellow) fibers
• Reticular fibers

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Connective Tissue Types

• Bone (osseous tissue)
• Composed of
• Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
• Hard matrix of calcium salts
• Large numbers of collagen fibers
• Used to protect and support the body

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19a
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Connective Tissue Types

• Hyaline cartilage
• Most common type of cartilage
• Composed of
• Abundant collagen fibers
• Rubbery matrix
• Locations
• Larynx
• Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19b
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Connective Tissue Types

• Elastic cartilage
• Provides elasticity
• Location
• Supports the external ear
• Fibrocartilage
• Highly compressible
• Location
• Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19c
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Connective Tissue Types

• Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
• Main matrix element is collagen fiber
• Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers
• Locations
• Tendonsattach skeletal muscle to bone
• Ligamentsattach bone to bone at joints
• Dermislower layers of the skin

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19d
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Connective Tissue Types

• Loose connective tissue types
• Areolar tissue
• Most widely distributed connective tissue
• Soft, pliable tissue like cobwebs
• Functions as a packing tissue
• Contains all fiber types
• Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19e
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Connective Tissue Types

• Loose connective tissue types
• Adipose tissue
• Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules
  predominate
• Many cells contain large lipid deposits
• Functions
• Insulates the body
• Protects some organs
• Serves as a site of fuel storage

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19f
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Connective Tissue Types

• Loose connective tissue types
• Reticular connective tissue
• Delicate network of interwoven fibers
• Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of
  lymphoid organs
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Bone marrow

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19g
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Connective Tissue Types

• Blood (vascular tissue)
• Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called
  blood plasma
• Fibers are visible during clotting
• Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19h
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Muscle Tissue

• Function is to produce movement
• Three types
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle

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Muscle Tissue Types

• Skeletal muscle
• Under voluntary control
• Contracts to pull on bones or skin
• Produces gross body movements or facial
  expressions
• Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells
• Striated
• Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
• Long, cylindrical

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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20a
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Muscle Tissue Types

• Cardiac muscle
• Under involuntary control
• Found only in the heart
• Function is to pump blood
• Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
• Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells
  at intercalated disks
• Striated
• One nucleus per cell

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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20b
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Muscle Tissue Types

• Smooth muscle
• Under involuntary control
• Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach,
  uterus, and blood vessels
• Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
• No visible striations
• One nucleus per cell
• Spindle-shaped cells

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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20c
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Nervous Tissue

• Composed of neurons and nerve support cells
• Function is to send impulses to other areas of
  the body
• Irritability
• Conductivity

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Nervous Tissue
Figure 3.21
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Cells Review

• 1a. Draw a cell and label the following nucleus,
  nucleolus, nuclear membrane, cell membrane,
  cytoplasm, ribosomes, RER, SER, golgi,
  centrioles, mitochondria.
•  b. Draw a t-chart to describe each of the terms
  above. Column 1 Name column 2 Function.
•  2. Use a Venn-Diagram or double bubble map to
  differentiate between active passive transport.
  Include the functions and all types of passive
  and active transports as well.
•  3. Explain the commonalities and difference
  between solute pumping/ active transport and
  facilitated diffusion and give an example of
  each. (Differentiate between facilitated
  diffusion solute pumping, using a venn-diagram
  or double bubble map).
• 4a. Draw label a picture of the cell membrane.
  Label the hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail,
  phospholipid bilayer, integral proteins,
  intracellular space (cytosol), extracellular
  space (interstitial fluid). Use different colors
  to draw your diagram label.

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Cells Review

• 4 b. Some of the proteins on the surface of the
  cell are known as receptor proteins (i.e.
  glycoproteins) because they receive messages from
  outside the cell. Draw a diagram to show a
  receptor protein in a different color on the
  model above.
•  5. Describe the functions of the gap junction,
  tight junction and desmosomes in the cell
  membrane.
•  6. Differentiate between isotonic, hypertonic
  hypotonic solution. Use a tree map to classify
  and describe each. Draw an example of each,
  labeling the cell environment (intracellular
  space) and the outside/ external environment
  (extracellular space).
•  7. Use a Venn-Diagram or double bubble map to
  differentiate between endocytosis exocytosis.
•  8. Jill has been exercising a lot lately and
  gets tired quickly as she tries to get into
  shape. What type of cells are being used in
  abundance as she works out and what cell
  organelle (structure) is most likely working hard
  and is in high numbers to assist in her workout
  efforts? Explain your answer.
•  9. Scott was out of school yesterday because he
  was not feeling too well. His throat was sore and
  he had a little fever. He was diagnosed with a
  bacterial infection. What type of cells are most
  likely working to clear the bacteria from his
  body and what cell organelles/ structures are
  responsible for destroying the bacteria? Explain
  your answer.

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Tissue Review

• The tissue type is usually well vascularized
  has an extensive extracellular matrix made up of
  ground substance fibers
• Describe the fibers that make up connective
  tissue.
• Identify the connective tissue type found in
  lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow.
• This type of connective tissue has a matrix that
  consist of rows of fibroblast cells that make
  collagen fibers
• Use a Venn-diagram to differentiate between the
  functions of epithelial connective tissue. List
  at least 5 contrasting functions of each at
  least 1 comparative term.
• Compare contrast muscle tissue types.
• What does it mean by the terms irritability
  conductivity in reference to nervous tissue?

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Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

• Regeneration
• Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind
  of cells
• Fibrosis
• Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar
  tissue)
• Determination of method
• Type of tissue damaged
• Severity of the injury

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Events in Tissue Repair

• Capillaries become very permeable
• Introduce clotting proteins
• A clot walls off the injured area
• Formation of granulation tissue
• Growth of new capillaries
• Rebuild collagen fibers
• Regeneration of surface epithelium
• Scab detaches

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Regeneration of Tissues

• Tissues that regenerate easily
• Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)
• Fibrous connective tissues and bone
• Tissues that regenerate poorly
• Skeletal muscle
• Tissues that are replaced largely with scar
  tissue
• Cardiac muscle
• Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

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Developmental Aspects of Tissue

• Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary
  germ layers
• Muscle and connective tissue arise from the
  mesoderm
• Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
• With old age, there is a decrease in mass and
  viability in most tissues