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Kohlberg suggested a stage theory of moral development:

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Kohlberg s Stages: Preconventional Morality Preconventional Morality Stage 1: ... She switched to study women who had made difficult moral choices about abortion. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Kohlberg suggested a stage theory of moral development:


1
  • Kohlberg suggested a stage theory of moral
    development
  • Preconventional Morality
  • 1. Punishment-obedience
  • 2. Personal reward orientation
  • Conventional Morality
  • 3. The good boy/nice girl Orientation
  • 4. The law and order orientation
  • Post-conventional Morality
  • 5. Social contract orientation
  • 6. Universal ethical principle orientation

2
Kohlbergs Method
  • In order to determine which stage of moral
    development a person was at, Kohlberg presented
    the person with moral dilemmas
  • The Case of Heinz and the Druggist.
  • Mr. Heinz's wife is dying. There is one drug that
    will save her life but it is very expensive. The
    druggist will not lower the price so that Mr.
    Heinz can buy it to save his wife's life. What
    should he do? More importantly, why?
  • Moral dilemmas were judged, not according to the
    respondents position (to steal the drug or not),
    but on the basis of the kind of reasoning the
    answer exhibited.

3
Kohlbergs StagesPreconventional Morality
  • Preconventional Morality
  • Stage 1 Punishment-Obedience Orientation
  • Avoid punishment
  • Wrong is equated with punishment.

4
Stage 2 Personal Reward Orientation
  • You scratch my back, Ill scratch yours
  • Good behavior is rewarded
  • (Preconventional Whatever is good for self.)

5
  • Conventional Morality
  • Stage 3 The good boy/ nice girl Orientation
  • "I am going to work harder in school so I won't
    let you down.

6
  • Stage 4
  • A Law and Order Orientation
  • Right and wrong determined by laws.
  • Conventional -- Public opinion matters most.

7
  • Post-conventional Morality
  • Stage 5 Social Contract Orientation
  • this is your class. The behavior and
    participation of each person will shape the type
    of learning that will occur.

8
  • Stage 5Social Contract
  • Laws are made for groups benefit. Flexible
    changes may be necessary.
  • Promises should be kept.
  • Post-Conventional--Whats best for society.

9
  • Post-conventional Morality
  • Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
  • universal ethical principles of justice,
    equality, and respect for human dignity/ rights

10
  • Very rare. Examples Gandhi, Mother Theresa,
    Martin Luther King, Jr.

11
Kohlbergs Method
  • There was only one thing he forgot
  • He only administered his dilemmas to males!

12
Gender and Kohlbergs scale
  • When Kohlbergs instrument was administered on a
    large scale, it was discovered that females often
    scored a full stage below their male
    counterparts.
  • The moral reasoning of women and girls was more
    likely to value looking for a solution that
    preserved connections. This often looked like
    the good girl orientation, Stage 4.

13
Part Two.Gilligan and Moral Voices
14
Arguments Against
  • He is not covering EVERYTHING
  • do you actually do what you say you will do?
  • Hypocrites!!!

15
Arguments Against
  • Discriminates against people who cant articulate
    themselves
  • What about women?
  • The caring vs. justice component

16
  • Carol Gilligan began with an interest in moral
    development
  • She had been a teaching assistant for Erik
    Erikson
  • why do some recognize a higher moral law, while
    others simply obey the rules without question?

17
Gilligans Initial Research
  • Her initial research project was directed toward
    draft resisters during the Vietnam war.
  • Nixon cancelled the draft just as her project was
    getting started.
  • She switched to study women who had made
    difficult moral choices about abortion.
  • Not originally concerned about gender issue.

18
  • In light of the differences between the scores of
    males and females on the Kohlberg scale, one
    could draw either of two conclusions
  • females are less morally developed than males, or
  • something is wrong with Kohlbergs framework.

19
Gilligans Theory
  • Preconventional - self
  • Conventional others opinions
  • Postconventional-higher ethics/ principles

20
Differences between Mens Moral Voices and
Womens Moral Voices
  • Men
  • Justice
  • Rights
  • Treating everyone fairly and the same
  • Apply rules impartially to everyone
  • Responsibility toward abstract codes of conduct
  • Women
  • Care
  • Responsibility
  • Caring about everyones suffering
  • Preserve emotional connectedness
  • Responsibility toward real individuals
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