Anatomy

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• Anatomy Radiographic and otherwise

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Lesson Goals

• Avian-specific anatomy
• Judge a radiograph for proper positioning and
  quality
• Identify boney structures
• Identify soft tissue structures
• Recognize common abnormalities

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Feathers

• Remiges wing feathers
• 10 primaries
• numbered 1 to 10 from the wrist
• originate from the metacarpal and digit bones
• 10 secondaries (variable)
• numbered 1 to 10 from the wrist
• originate from the dorsal ulna periosteum

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Feathers
lt- Primaries
Secondaries-gt
10
1
1
4
3
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Feathers

• Retrices tail feathers
• 6 pairs numbered from the center

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Feathers

• Development
• In blood very fragile
• Preening required for proper growth
• Bandages can inhibit growth

• Protect the feathers!

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Patagium

• pp propatagium
• lp ligamentum propatagialis
• h humerus
• u - ulna

1
2
3
4
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Talons

• Digits are numbered 1 to 4 starting from the
  hallux and going medially
• Digits 1 and 2 are the most important
• Talons are a thin layer of keratin over a boney
  core\phalange

1
2
3
4
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Beak

• Talons are a thin layer of keratin over a boney
  core\phalange
• Beak is a thin layer of keratin over a boney core

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GI tract

• Hawks have a crop. Owls do not
• Two-part stomach
• Proventriculus
• Ventriculus grinding stomach but not so much in
  raptors.

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Respiratory tract

• Trachea
• Complete rings do not use cuffed ET tube.
• No diaphragm
• Must move keel to breath. Do not hold to tightly.
• Syrinx
• Common place for obstructions
• Source of voice

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Respiratory tract

• Air sacs
• Cervicocephalic
• infraorbital sinus under eye
• Cranial
• cervical, clavicular, cranial thoracic
• Caudal
• caudal thoracic, abdominal
• Extend into femur, humerus, vertebrae
• They allow for easy endoscopic examination

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Respiratory tract

• Birds exchange O2 much more efficient.
• Two cycles required for air to enter and leave.
• Fresh air is always entering the lungs (on
  inspiration and exhalation)

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Eyes

• Shape
• AP flattened parrots, pigeons
• Conical hawks
• Tubular owls
• Scleral ossicles
• No extra-occular muscles
• Lower lid is more mobile

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Eyes

• Iris contains striated muscle
• Complete deccussation of nerve fibers
• Retina
• Avascular
• No tapeturm lucidum
• Pectin

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Proper positioning - VD

• Keel should overlay the spine
• Legs should be pulled downward so that the elbows
  and stifles do not overlap
• Wings pulled out symmetrically

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Proper positioning - lateral

• Acetabullae should overlap
• Coracoids should overlap
• Wings pulled back ( requires anesthesia)

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Positioning
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Positioning
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Positioning
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Shoulder joint

• Complex joint with many bones
• Humerus
• Pectoral crest
• Ventral tubercle
• Head of humerus
• Coracoid
• Scapula
• Clavicle

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Proximal wing

• Humerus
• Distal condyles
• Ulna
• Olecranon
• Secondary feather attachements
• Notice the curve
• Radius

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Distal wing

• Ulna
• Radius
• Radial carpal bone
• Ulnar carpal bone
• Alula (D1)
• Major metacarpal
• Minor metacarpal
• Phalanges of D2

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Pelvis

• Synsacrum
• Pelvis
• Illium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Acetabullum
• Femur
• Head and neck
• Pygostyle

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Proximal leg

• Femoral condyles
• Patella and groove
• Tibiotarsus (not tibia)
• Fibula
• Tibiotarsal condyles

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Distal leg

• Tibiotarsal condyles
• Tarsometatasus
• Hallux (1)
• Metatarsal 1
• Digits 2-4
• Phalanges

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Soft tissue structures - VD

• Heart
• Liver
• Hour-glass
• Lungs
• Air sacs
• Intestines
• Ventriculus

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Heart-liver Hour glass
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Soft tissue structures - lateral

• Lung
• Heart
• Liver
• Spleen
• Proventriculus
• Ventriculus
• Kidney

• Acetabullae should overlap
• Coracoids should overlap
• Wings pulled back ( requires anesthesia)

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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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Compared these two
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
Pre-op
2 weeks later
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Fracture healing
6 weeks later
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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What do you see?
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And finally
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References
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Questions?

• Dave Scott, DVM
• Carolina Raptor Center
• P.O. Box 16443
• Charlotte, NC 28297
• 704-875-6521

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