The translator as social scientist: the T.E.G.MA compilation project

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Maria Sidiropoulou University of Athens
The translator as social scientistthe T.E.G.MA
compilation project
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1. Corpora and applications in Applied Language
Studies
Translated English-Greek MAterial
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An intercultural perspective in FL teaching

• An important tendency is that foreign language
  teachingis moving in an intercultural direction.
  There is a growing awareness that through studies
  of cultures in foreign countries learners may be
  more aware of their own cultures
• (Byram and Risager 1999156)

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Data-driven aspects of language use

• calculation of collocations
• variation at the level of grammar (passivisation,
  modality)
• variation at the level of register
  (distance and personilization in interaction)
• at the level of ideology and culture (themes,
  images and motifs)

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TEGMA a lexicographical potential
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(No Transcript)
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Compiling bilingual dictionaries with
information retrieval
Naturalness ensured through

• native command of collocational patterning in
  English
• Greek translators insight into mother tongue

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TEGMA a lexicographical potential

• heavy bombardment
• a?e???t?? ß?µßa?d?sµ?? (merciless bombardment?)
• ?ata???st???? ?a?????ß???sµ?? (cruel
  bombardment?)

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TEGMA-news a grammar consolidation potential

• TEGMA-news
• a cross-cultural world representation
• potential

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presumptions (not verbalized but communicated)

• Representations of
• geopolitical space,
• time and
• rightness
• invoked in international political
• discourses

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Political discourses some theoretical claims
(Chilton 2004)

• Political discourse operates indexically
• Individuals decouple the representations of the
  world
• Binary conceptualizations are frequent in
  political discourse
• Establishing credibility, claiming rightness
  and legitimizing truth claims are frequent
  discourse purposes

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3. The TEGMA-news sample and varying world
conceptualizations

• To Vima and Imerisia
• newspapers

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TEGMA sample articles translated by ?????S??
FINANCIAL TIMES 4/3/2007 Water companies benefiting from shortages
FINANCIAL TIMES 4/18/2007 Iraq may hold twice as much oil
FINANCIAL TIMES 4/19/2007 Chinese retail investors rush to join share-buying frenzy
FINANCIAL TIMES 4/16/2007 Mumbai university eyes market listing
FINANCIAL TIMES 4/20/2007 Europes borders require some redefining
FINANCIAL TIMES 8/31/2007 Nigeria bids to build global oil group
FINANCIAL TIMES 9/5/2007 France maps path through globalisation
FINANCIAL TIMES 10/8/2007 The grab for a job Democrats turn protectionist in a drift to the left
FINANCIAL TIMES 11/18/2007 Rhetoric belies France's rethink on virtues of competition
FINANCIAL TIMES 11/18/2007 Banks can stand the pain which is just as well
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TEGMA sample articles translated by ?? ????
THE NEW YORK TIMES 4/4/2007 Seizure of Britons Underlines Irans Political Split
THE NEW YORK TIMES 3/31/2007 25 years after war, wealth transforms Falklands
THE NEW YORK TIMES 4/21/2007 In China, Talk of Democracy Is Simply That
THE TIMES 4/12/2007 Street food is curbed to beat Delhi belly
THE TIMES 4/19/2007 Kennedy tries to free cousin convicted of 1975 murder
THE TIMES 4/6/2007 Bhutto free to return after graft charges are dropped
?HE INDEPENDENT 8/2/2005 Change the Day you Die
?HE INDEPENDENT 4/3/2007 Tories open up eight-point lead over Labour
?HE INDEPENDENT 10/4/2005 Melting Planet
?HE INDEPENDENT 7/28/2007 How did Yuri die? The mysterious death of a space-age hero
NEW SCIENTIST 9/27/2005 Coffee The demon drink?
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(a) interpretive comments binary
conceptualizations ex.1
ST Seizure of Britons Underlines Irans
Political Split THE NEW YORK TIMES, 4/4/2007
TT (back-translation) War between moderates and
hard-liners
TT ???eµ?? µet???pa??? ?a? s?????p??????????
????, 8/4/2007
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(a) interpretive comments binary
conceptualizations ex.2 THE NEW YORK TIMES,
4/4/2007 -- ?? ????, 8/4/2007
The capture of Britons initially showed the
rising dominance of the president and his allies,
specifically the Revolutionary Guards, whereas a
move towards finding a diplomatic solution is a
sign that the pragmatists are pushing back.
?he case foregrounded the wavering nature of
Iranian politics. The capture of Britons
initially underlined the rising dominance of
presidents allies, specifically the
Revolutionary Guards. More recently, though, as
the crisis seemed to have the potential to
undermine Irans position internationally, a more
moderate move started to show up before Tehran
goes back on its positions.
? ?p??es? ?fe?e st? f?? t?? aµf????p? f?s? t??
??a????? p???t????. ? s?????? t?? ??eta???
?p????µµ?se a????? t?? a??a??µe?? ????a???a
e?e???? p?? s??t?ss??ta? µe t?? p??ed??, ?d???
t?? f?????? t?? ?pa??stas??. ??? p??sfata, ?µ??,
?a??? ? ???s? f????e ?t? ?a ?p???µe?e t? ??s? t??
???? pa???sµ???, ????se ?a d?afa??eta? µ?a p??
µet???pa??? st?s?, p??t?? a??µ? ? ?e?e????
?pa?a????se? d?µ?s??? ap? t?? ??se?? t??.
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(a) interpretive comments binary
conceptualizations ex.3 THE NEW YORK TIMES,
4/4/2007 -- ?? ????, 8/4/2007
The difference between the sides may be a matter
more of style than substance The seesaw
generally tips toward the side bringing the
system its greater benefits
After all, it may be a matter of style, rather
than substance...But in a system which often
turns out to be both pragmaticist and
ideological, results count more than anything
else, so the seesaw generally tips toward the
side bringing the system its greater benefits.
?e???? µp??e? ?a e??a? ??µa pe??ss?te?? st?? pa??
??s?a? ...???? se ??a s?st?µa p?? e??a? s????
p?a?µat?st??? ?s? ?a? ?de???????, ta ap?te??sµata
µet???? p??? ap ??a, s??ep?? ?? aµf?ta?a?te?se??
??????? ?e????? p??? t?? p?e??? p?? fa??eta? ?t?
f???e? ta µe?a??te?a ?f??? st? s?st?µa.
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(b) discourse connectors a contrast-creating
intention ex.4 THE NEW YORK TIMES, 4/4/2007 --
?? ????, 8/4/2007
The divide over the current crisis with
Britain also seems to expose divisions within
each political approach.President Ahmadinejad.
While the divide over the manipulation of the
sailors crisis is often described as the
hard-liners vs. the moderates, it the divide
is not as clear
??? ? d??asµ?? ??a t?? ?e???sµ? t?? ???s?? t??
?a?t?? pe?????f??e s???? ?? ?? s?????p????????
e?a?t??? t?? µet???pa???, de? e??a? t?s?
?e???a???...
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(b) discourse connectors a contrast-creating
intention ex.5 THE NEW YORK TIMES, 4/4/2007 --
?? ????, 8/4/2007
It appears to be a conflict driven by so-called
hard-liners within the Revolutionary Guards,...
It appears to be a conflict where hard-liners
have a leading role over Revolutionary
GuardsAnalysts, however, warn that even this
body is not considered monolithic and that there
is disagreement within it over the outcome of the
crisis.
Fa??eta? ?t? p???e?ta? pe??ss?te?? ??a µ?a
s??????s? t?? ?p??a? ?????ta? ?? s?????p????????
t?? f?????? t?? ?pa??stas??...?? a?a??t?? ?µ??
p??e?d?p????? ?t? a??µ? ?? a?t? ? F????? de?
?e??e?ta? µ????????? ?a? ?t? e?t?? t?? ?p???a?
d?af???e? ??a t?? t??p? p?? e??e p??e? ? ???s?.
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(b) discourse connectors a contrast-creating
intention ex.6 THE NEW YORK TIMES, 4/4/2007 --
?? ????, 8/4/2007
When direct challenges to the West did not
produce retaliation, support for President
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was high. And when constant
caustic remarks by Mr Ahmadinejad appeared to be
undermining support
When it appeared that direct challenges of
president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to the West did not
produce retaliation, the system supported him.
But when caustic remarks by Mr Ahmadinejad
appeared to be undermining support
?ta? f????e ?t? ?? e??e?e? p?????se?? t??
p???d??? ?a?µ??t ??µa?t??et???t p??? t? ??s? de?
p???d?t??sa? a?t?p???a, t? s?st?µa t??
?p?st????e. ???? ?ta? ta ?a?st??? s????a t??
p???d??? f????e ?t? ?p???µe?sa? t?? ?p?st?????...
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(b) discourse connectors a contrast-creating
intention ex.7 THE NEW YORK TIMES, 4/4/2007 --
?? ????, 8/4/2007
While Britain and Iran reached the diplomatic
solution of the detention of 15 British sailors
and marines the wider conflict became obvious in
Iran
??? ? ??eta??a ?a? t? ???? ?f?asa? st?
d?p??µat??? ??s? t?? ???t?s?? t?? 15 ??eta???
?a?t?? ?a? pe???a?t??...????e eµfa??? ? e???te??
d?aµ??? st? ????...
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(c) Enforcing the reasoning mechanism(d)
Enforcing the conclusion drawing mechanism(e)
claiming rightness (through modality)

• Discourse intentions
• (Chilton 2004 202)
• establishing credibility
• claiming rightness
• legitimizing truth

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(c) enforcing the reasoning mechanism ex.8 THE
TIMES, 12/4/2007 -- ?? ????, 15/4/2007
Street vendors say that that will ruin their
business, by making them charge similar prices to
restaurants Street food is curbed to beat
Dehli belly
Street vendors however claim that that will ruin
them because it will make them charge similar
process to restaurants
?? p?a??d??? ?µ?? ?p?st??????? ?t? a?t? ?a t???
?atast???e? d??t? ?a t??? a?a???se? ?a ??e?????
t?µ?? pa??µ??e? µe e?e??e? t?? est?at????? ...
? p???d?? pe???e? ap? t? st?µ??? t?? ?e???,
?? ????, 15/4/2007
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(c) enforcing the reasoning mechanism ex.9 THE
TIMES, 16/4/2007 -- ?? ????, 29/4/2007
The United States and Britain are believed to be
in favour of such an alliance, which they believe
could weaken the radical Islamic parties.Bhutto
free to return after graft charges are dropped
The United States and Britain seem to support
this potential, as it would weaken the radical
Islamic parties.
?? ???µ??e? ????te?e? ?a? ? ??eta??a fa??eta? ?a
?p?st??????? a?t? t? e?de??µe??, ?a??? ?a
ap?d???µ??e ta ????spast??? ?s?aµ??? ??µµata. ?
ep?st??f? t?? ?p??t?
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(c) enforcing the reasoning mechanism ex.10 THE
INDEPENDENT, 4/10/2005 -- ????SCIENCE,
9/10/2005
The polar bear is one of the natural worlds most
famous predators the king of Arctic wastelands.
But, like its vast Arctic home, the polar bear is
under unprecedented threat . Melting Planet
The polar bear is one of the natural worlds most
famous predators, the king of the ice that covers
the Arctic. A king who loses his kingdom, though
The polar bear faces an unprecedented threat due
to global warming and climate change.
? p????? a????da e??a? ??a? ap? t??? p?? ???st???
???e?t?? t?? f?s???? pe??ß?????t??, ? ßas?????
t?? p???? p?? ?a??pt??? t?? ???t???. ??a?
ßas????? p?? ???e? ?µ?? t? ßas??e?? t??...?
p????? a????da a?t?µet?p??e? µ?a p??t?fa?? ape???
???? t?? ?pe????µa?s?? t?? p?a??t? ?a? t??
a??a??? t?? ???µat??. ? p?a??t?? ????e?!
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(c) enforcing the reasoning mechanism ex.11
FINANCIAL TIMES, 8/10/2007 -- ?????S??,
21/10/2007
Last months deal between GM and the UAW, which
pared back healthcare benefits that Detroit
factory workers have enjoyed for more than a
generation, is likely to have increased the angst
of what Lawrence Summers, former Treasury
secretary, has called the anxious middle.
The grab for the job Democrats turn
protectionist in a drift to the left
Last months deal between GM and the UAW, is
likely to have increased the angst of what former
Treasury secretary, Lawrence Summers, has called
the anxious middle, since it pared back
healthcare benefits that Detroit factory workers
have enjoyed for many years.
? s?µf???a t?? pe?asµ???? µ??a µeta?? GM ?a? UAW
e??a? p??a?? ?a e??te??e t?? a??s???a e?e???? p??
? p???? ?p?????? ??????µ????, ???e?? S?µe?,
ap??a?e? a???µ??? µesa?a t???, af?? ?at????se
asfa??st???? pa????? p?? ?? e???te? t?? ?t?t???t
e??a? ?at?????se? ed? ?a? p???? ?????a. ??
??µ???at???? ????et??? a??ste?? p??state?t?sµ?
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(d) enforcing the conclusion-drawing mechanism
ex.12 FINANCIAL TIMES, 5/9/2007 -- ?????S??,
8/9/2007
Germany has been pushing for a code of conduct
but its efforts have been rebuffed by the US and
UK. Mr Védrine said joining forces with
Germany would help reinvigorate the
Franco-German relationship and give fresh impetus
to the EU. France maps path through
globalization
Germany has been pushing for a code of conduct
but its efforts have been rebuffed by the US and
UK. As a consequence, Mr Védrine underlined
joining forces with Germany would help
reinvigorate the Franco-German alliance and give
fresh impetus to the EU.
? Ge?µa??a p????e? ??a? ??d??a s?µpe??f????...,
a??? ?? p??sp??e??? t?? ß??s???? a?t??ete? t?
??eta??a ?a? t?? ???µ??e? ????te?e?. O? e?
t??t??, ?p????µµ?se ? ?. ?e?t???, ? s?µµa??a
Ga???a?-Ge?µa??a? ...?a ß????se? st? s?sf???? t??
s??se?? t?? d?? ????? ?a? ?a d?se? ??a ???s? st??
????pa??? ???s?. ? d??µ?? t?? Ga???a? p??? t??
pa???sµ??p???s?
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(d) enforcing the conclusion-drawing mechanism
ex.13 THE INDEPENDENT, 4/10/2005 --
????SCIENCE, 9/10/2005
The vast majority, are migratory animalswhose
survival depends on the intricate web habitats,
food supplies and weather conditionsEvery link
of that chain is slowly but perceptibly altering.
Europes most senior ecologists and
conservationists are meeting in Avienmore, in the
Scottish Highlands, this week for a conference on
the impact of climate change on migratory
species, an event organised by the British
government as part of its presidency of the
European Union. Melting Planet

• The vast majority are migratory animalswhose
  survival depends on an intricate web habitat,
  Every link of that chain is slowly but slowly
  altering.
• It is not accidental that a conference is
  organized by the British government as part of
  its presidency of the European Union on the
  impact of climate change on migratory species in
  Avienmore, in the Scottish Highlands.

? te??st?a p?e????t?ta a?t?? e??a? µeta?aste?t???
??a...t?? ?p???? ? ep?ß??s? e?a?t?ta? ap? ??a
p???p???? ?st? ß??t?p??... ?a? p???? ???e ??????
a?t?? t?? e?a?s??t?? a??s?da? a????e? a??? µa
sta?e??.?e? e??a? t??a?? ?t? s???d??? µe ??µa
t?? ep?pt?se?? t??? p?a??t?? ????e?!
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(d) enforcing the conclusion-drawing mechanism
ex.14 FINANCIAL TIMES, 8/10/2007 -- ?????S??,
21/10/2007
Germany has been pushing for a code of conduct
but its efforts have been rebuffed by the US and
UK. Mr Védrine said joining forces with
Germany would help reinvigorate the
Franco-German relationship and give fresh impetus
to the EU. France maps path through
globalization
Germany has been pushing for a code of conduct
but its efforts have been rebuffed by the US and
UK. As a consequence, Mr Védrine underlined
joining forces with Germany would help
reinvigorate the Franco-German alliance and give
fresh impetus to the EU.
? Ge?µa??a p????e? ??a? ??d??a s?µpe??f????...,
a??? ?? p??sp??e??? t?? ß??s???? a?t??ete? t?
??eta??a ?a? t?? ???µ??e? ????te?e?. O? e?
t??t??, ?p????µµ?se ? ?. ?e?t???, ? s?µµa??a
Ga???a?-Ge?µa??a? ...?a ß????se? st? s?sf???? t??
s??se?? t?? d?? ????? ?a? ?a d?se? ??a ???s? st??
????pa??? ???s?. ? d??µ?? t?? Ga???a? p??? t??
pa???sµ??p???s?
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In identifying what is useful-harmful,
just-unjust, there is a fairly strong tendency,
on the Greek side, for raising certainty

• Discourse intentions
• (Chilton 2004 202)
• establishing credibility
• claiming rightness
• legitimizing truth

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(e) claiming rightnessex.15 NEW SCIENTIST,
4/9/2005 -- ?? ????, 16/10/2005
Theres the fact that its addictive. And then
there are all the health fears. Odds are that you
have heard the rumours. Dont drink caffeine
itll give you a heart attack.Perhaps the most
notorious study came in 1980 when Thomas Collins
of the US Food and Drug Administration linked
caffeine to birth defects in rats Many people
think of coffee as a caffeine delivery vehicle,
but in coffee there are probably 2000 other
chemicals. Coffee The demon drink?
Undoubtedly, the substance is addictive. And of
course there are all the health fears. Certainly
you have heard the rumours. Dont drink caffeine
itll give you a heart attack. ?he most
notorious study came in 1980 when Thomas Collins
of the US Food and Drug Administration linked
caffeine to birth defects in rats Many people
think of coffee as a caffeine delivery vehicle,
but in coffee there are 2000 other chemicals.
??aµf?sß?t?ta ? ??s?a e??a? e??st???. ?a? ß?ßa?a
?p?????? ???? a?t?? ?? f?ß?? ??a t???? ???d?????
p?? eµpe????e? ? ???? ?afe???? ??a t?? a????p???
??e?a. S?????a ?a ??ete a???se? ??p??a f?µ?????a
p??? st? ??µa ??? p??e?? ?afe???, ?a p??e??
?a?d?a?? p??sß???. ? p?? pe??f?µ? ??e??a
d?e????? t? 1980, ?ta? ? ??µa? ?????? t??
aµe???a????? ?p??es?a? t??f?µ?? ?a? Fa?µ????...
s???dese t?? ?afe??? µe ?e?et???? a??µa??e? se
pe??aµat???a...... ???et?? ??µ????? ?t? ? ?af??
e??a? µ??? ???a ???µa µetaf???? ?afe???? a???
st?? p?a?µat???t?ta st?? ?af? ?p?????? ?? ?a?
2000??µ???? ??s?e?.?afe??? ta ?p?? ?a? ta ?at?,
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(e) claiming rightnessex.16 THE NEW YORK TIMES,
21/4/2007 -- ?? ????, 6/452007
Chinas leaders claim that the one-party state
has long practiced democracy, in the sense of
governing on behalf of the people In China,
Talk of Democracy Is Simply That
Chinas leaders reassure that the one-party state
has long practiced democracy, in the sense of
governing on behalf of the people
?? ??????? ???te? d?aßeßa?????? ?t? t?
µ?????µµat??? s?st?µa efa?µ??e? p?? po???? t?
d?µ???at?a µe t?? ?????a ?t? ??ße??? ??a
???a??asµ? t?? ?a??...? ???a a?a?a??pte? t?
d?µ???at?a,
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(e) claiming rightnessex.17 FINANCIAL TIMES,
3/4/2007 ?????S??, 14/4/2007
Saudi Arabia began privatising water resources
after shortages sparked riots last November in
Jeddah. Loay Bin Ahmed al Musallam, the deputy
water minister said, the first contract to manage
water supplies for Riyadh would be awarded this
year. By 2010, private companies would provide
water for half the population, he added. Water
Companies Benefiting from Shortages
Saudi Arabia began privatising water resources
when water shortage caused reaction last November
in Jeddah. According to Loay Bin Ahmed al
Musallam, the deputy water minister, by 2010,
private companies would provide water for half
the population.
? Sa??d??? ??aß?a ????se ?a ?d??t???p??e? t??
ep??e???se?? ?d?e?s??, ?ta? ? ???e??? ?e???
p?????ese ??t??e? a?t?d??se?? t?? pe?asµ???
???µß??? st?? ????ta. S?µf??a µe t?? ???? ?p??
??µ?t a? ???sa??µ, t?? ?f?p????? ?d?t?? t??
???a?, µ???? t? 2010, ?? ?d??t???? eta??e?e? ?a
?a??pt??? t?? a????e? ?d??d?t?s?? t?? µ?s??
p????sµ??.? ?e???d??a f???e? µe???a ???d? st??
?d??t??? t?µ?a,
34
(e) claiming rightnessex.18 FINANCIAL TIMES,
20/4/2007 ?????S??, 23/4/2007
Donald Rumsfeld famously divided the continent
into Old Europe the big nations of Western
Europe and a New Europe that includes the
emerging nations of central and eastern Europe.
Since 2000, according to Citigroup, emerging
Europes economy has grown at 15 per cent per
year, double that of developed Europe. John
Authers Europes borders require some redefining
According to the famous division Donald Rumsfeld
made, Eurozone is the Old Europe and the
countries of the former Eastern bloc the New
Europe According to Citigroup, since 2000,
emerging Europes economy has grown at 15 per
cent per year, double that of developed Europe.
S?µf??a µe t?? pe??f?µ? d?a????sµ? p?? ??a?e ?
?t??a??t ??µsfe??t, ? ???????? ap?te?e? t??
?a?a?? ????p? ?a? ?? ???e? t?? p???? a?at??????
µp???, t? ??aS?µf??a µe t? Citigroup, ap? t?
2000 ? ??????µ?a t?? a?ad??µe??? ????p?? ??e?
a?apt???e? ?at? 15, p?s?st? d?p??s?? ap? t?
a?t?st???? t?? a?apt??µ????. ??a? ???sµ??
35
(f) spatio-temporal anchoring of the situations
described in the textsmakes deictic entities of
time and space more prominent in the Greek
version

• Political discourse, is anchored in
  multi-dimensional deixis
• (Chilton 2004 204)

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(f) spatio-temporal anchoring ex.19 THE
INDEPENDENT, 2/8/2005 - BHMASCIENCE 28/8/2005
Around 150,000 premature deaths from heart
attack, stroke and cancer could be avoided every
year if more Brits ate the Mediterranean diet...
Change the Day you Die
For example, 150.000 premature deaths from heart
attack, stroke and cancer could be avoided every
year in Britain if nationals of this country ate
the Mediterranean diet...
G?a pa??de??µa, 150.000 p???µ?? ???at?? ap?
e??efa????, ?a?d??p??e?e? ?a? ?a??????? ?a
µp????sa? ?a ap?fe?????? st? ??eta??a a? ??
p???te? t?? ???a? a?t?? ????et??sa? t? µes??e?a??
d?a?ta... ??? ?a µeta??sete t?? ?µe??µ???a
t??...?a??t?? sa?!
37
(f) spatio-temporal anchoring ex.20 THE NEW YORK
TIMES, 4/4/2007 -- ?? ????, 8/4/2007
The president has travelled around the country
ordering up local construction jobs, then giving
the work to the engineering branch of the
Guards.Seizure of Britons Underlines Irans
Political Split
Once elected, the president has travelled around
the country ordering up local construction jobs,
giving them to the engineering branch of the
Guards.
?f?t?? e?e????, ? p??ed??? ?????e? t? ???a
pa?a???????ta? t?p??? ????d?µ??? ???a, d????t??
ta st?? pt????a µ??a????? t?? F??????...???eµ??
µet???pa??? ?a? s?????p????????
38
Target text rendering of say corpus search
results(23,000-word TEGMA press sample - LINGUA
MULTICONCORD)

• 1/3 of the 70 say occurrences
• were rendered in terms of

1/3 of the 70 occurrences of say were rendered
in terms of the Greek language equivalent (???).
?? items announce (a?a???????) report (a?af???) state (d?????) estimate (e?t?µ?) explain (e????) according to (s?µf??a µe) agree (s?µf???) underline (t?????)
1/3 of the 70 occurrences of say were ignored
(attention is rather defocused from source of
informed opinion)
39
Varying world representations
Binary conceptualizations of world
representations are enforced
The higher degree of certainty preferred in Greek
is balanced by enforcement of the
reasoning mechanism and by highlighting the
source and function of informed opinion.
Spatio-temporal anchoring of situations is made
more specific
40
(g) ambiguity avoidanceex.21
Iran. Guns and Flowers TIME, 22/3/1993
Iran. Volatile is the internal frontier
????. E????t??? t? es?te???? µ?t?p? ?
??T???????, 1993
41
Guns N Roses (1987) Appetite for Destruction
debut album
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N'_Roses
42
Encouraging student access to corpora

• translators and foreign language speakers would
  benefit from focusing on topics beyond the level
  of grammaticality
• search for words which have been identified
  intuitively as conceptually significant would
  reveal culture-specific attitudes to issues and
  concepts
• Text-type-specific corpora relativize assumptions
  about languages

43
Maria Sidiropoulou University of Athens
The translator as social scientistthe T.E.G.MA
compilation project