Applying Technology: Producing Products and Structures

1
(No Transcript)
2
5

• Applying Technology Producing Products and
  Structures

3
14

• The Types of Material Resources and How They Are
  Obtained

4

• Recall the types of natural resources used as
  inputs to production systems.
• Recall the types of genetic materials used in
  production systems.
• Recall the types of fossil fuel materials used in
  production systems.
• Recall the types of minerals used in production
  systems.

5

• Explain how genetic materials are obtained for
  use in production systems.
• Explain how fossil fuel materials are located and
  obtained for use in production systems.
• Explain how minerals are located and obtained for
  use in production systems.

6
Types of Natural Resources

• Three types of natural resources can become the
  inputs to production systems.

7
Genetic Materials

• We obtain genetic materials through
• Farming.
• Fishing.
• Forestry.
• Grains, vegetable fibers, and animals or fish are
  the more commonly used genetic materials.
• All genetic materials go through birth or
  germination, maturity, and death.

8
Fossil Fuel Materials

• Petroleum.
• Used to make liquids and gases like gasoline,
  propane, and plastic resins.
• Natural gas.
• Used as fuel for homes, to make plastics,
  chemicals, and fertilizers.
• Coal.
• Used as an energy and heating source.

9
Coal

• Three types of coal
• Lignite coal.
• Bituminous coal (soft coal).
• Anthracite coal.
• Coal does not burn cleanly.
• Coals sulfur content is a source of chemicals
  that make acid rain.

10

• What are the advantages and disadvantages to
  using fossil fuels?

11
Minerals

• Minerals can be grouped into four different
  families based on their similar economic values
• Ores.
• Nonmetallic minerals.
• Ceramic minerals.
• Gems.

12
Obtaining Genetic Materials

• The major challenge is to harvest the plant or
  animal at the proper stage of growth.
• However, most genetic materials are easy to grow
  or raise.
• Private farms are made to monitor and control
  growth of most organic materials that are
  harvested.

13
Harvesting Trees

• There are several steps to removing trees
• Timber cruising.
• Preparing topographical maps.
• Planning the proper way to harvest.
• Planning logging roads and loading sites.
• Selecting the type of logging to match the
  terrain and forest.

14
Logging Methods

• Clear cutting.
• Allows replanting of trees that cannot compete
  with mature trees.
• Seed-tree cutting.
• Controls number of reseeded species.
• Selective cutting.
• Used in pine forests.

15
Logging

• Fellers and buckers prepare the trees for yarding.

16
Obtaining Petroleum and Natural Gas

• Geologists and geophysicists look for dense rock
  formations that usually contain deposits of oil
  and gas, or proven reserves.
• The most accurate way to locate petroleum and
  natural gas is seismographic study.
• Other methods of finding potential fields
• Geological mapping.
• Fossil study.
• Core samples from drilling.

17
Drilling for Oil and Gas

• A mud mixture is pumped while drilling.
• Cools and lubricates the drill bit.
• Pulls rock to the surface.
• Seals off and maintains pressure to prevent a
  blowout.
• A system of valves and pumps then sends oil and
  gas to plants and refineries.

18
Obtaining Coal

• Coal is removed by one of three types of mining
• Surface or open-pit mining
• Underground mining
• Fluid mining

19
Underground Mining

• Shaft mining.
• Slope mining.
• Drift mining.
• Elevators, coal cars, and conveyors are used to
  get the coal to the surface.

20
Obtaining Minerals

• Three techniques are used to obtain minerals
• Very deep open-pit mines.
• Fluid mining (commonly used to mine sulfur).
• Evaporation (used in the Great Salt Lake in
  Utah).

21

• Forest and conservation workers.
• Perform tasks associated with replanting and
  conserving timberlands.
• Requires little formal education, but classes are
  offered in general forestry, wildlife,
  conservation, and forest harvesting.

22

• What are the three types of natural material
  resources?

Genetic materials, fossil fuels, and minerals.
23

• What are some types of genetic materials used in
  production?

Grains, vegetable fibers, and animals or fish.
24

• What fossil fuels are used in production
  systems?

Petroleum, natural gas, and coal.
25

• What sort of minerals are obtained for use in
  production systems?

Ores, nonmetallic minerals, ceramic minerals, and
gems.
26

• What is clear-cutting?

All trees, regardless of species or size, are
removed from a plot of land that is generally
less than 1000 acres. This allows for replanting
the area with trees that cannot grow in
competition with mature trees.
27

• How are fossil fuel materials located?

The use of seismographic study is used to find
fossil fuels.
28

• Through what processes are minerals obtained?

Evaporation, fluid mining, and open-pit mining.
29

• Blowout
• a dangerous and wasteful occurrence in which oil
  surges out of a well.
• Bucker
• a worker who removes the limbs and tops of trees.
  
• Ceramic minerals
• fine-grained minerals that are formable when wet
  and become hard when dried or fired.

30

• Clear cutting
• a logging method in which all trees, regardless
  of species or size, are removed from a plot of
  land.
• Coal
• a combustible solid composed mostly of carbon.
• Drift mining
• a type of underground mining used when a coal
  vein extends to the surface of the earth. Miners
  dig a horizontal shaft directly into the vein.

31

• Evaporation
• a way to extract minerals from the oceans using
  solar energy.
• Feller
• a logger who uses a chain saw to cut down
  appropriate trees.
• Fluid mining
• a mining method in which hot water is pumped down
  a well into a mineral deposit. The water
  dissolves the mineral and is forced up a second
  well.

32

• Fossil fuels
• exhaustible resources that are mixtures of carbon
  and hydrogen.
• Gems
• stones that are cut, polished, and prized for
  their beauty and hardness.
• Genetic materials
• organic materials that have life cycles and can
  be regenerated. They are obtained during the
  normal life cycles of plants or animals.

33

• Germination
• birth.
• Logging
• the activity of cutting down, trimming, and
  hauling off timber.
• Maturity
• the period of time in the life cycles of plants
  and animals when growth slows down as they reach
  older age.

34

• Minerals
• any substances with a specific chemical
  composition that occur naturally.
• Mud
• a mixture of water, clay, and chemicals.
• Natural gas
• a combustible gas that occurs in porous rock.
• Nonmetallic minerals
• substances that do not have metallic qualities.

35

• Open-pit mining
• a type of mining used when a coal vein is not
  very deep underground.
• Ores
• minerals that have a metal chemically combined
  with other elements.
• Petroleum
• an oily, flammable, nonuniform mixture of a large
  number of different solid and liquid hydrocarbons.

36

• Potential field
• an area that has never produced oil or gas.
• Proven reserves
• producing oil or gas fields.
• Seed-tree cutting
• a logging method in which all trees, regardless
  of species, are removed from a large area except
  three or four per acre. These trees are used to
  reseed the area.

37

• Seismographic study
• an accurate way to explore for petroleum and
  natural gas using shock waves.
• Selective cutting
• a logging method in which mature trees of a
  desired species are selected and cut from a plot
  of land.
• Shaft mining
• a type of underground mining that requires a
  vertical shaft to reach a coal deposit.

38

• Slope mining
• a type of underground mining used when a coal
  vein is not too deep under the ground. Miners dig
  a sloping shaft to reach the coal.
• Surface mining
• a type of coal mining used when the coal vein is
  not very deep underground.

39

• Timber cruising
• a process in which foresters measure the diameter
  and height of trees to find stands of trees that
  can be economically harvested.
• Underground mining
• a type of mining that requires shafts in the
  earth to reach the coal deposits.
• Yarding
• the process of gathering logs in a central
  location.