Title: EMERGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AS A POWER IN LATIN AMERICA
1EMERGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AS A POWER IN
LATIN AMERICA
- From the Monroe Doctrine to the Cold War
2Monroe Doctrine
- United States neutral during the Latin American
struggle for independence - Washington views the Holy Alliance as a threat
- President Monroes speech of December 1823
- Old and new world different
- No new colonies
- Threat to independence of Latin American
countries viewed by the United States as a threat
to itself
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4Texas and the War with Mexico
- Victory at San Jacinto (1836) leads to
recognition of Texas independence - Boundary dispute leads President Polk to attack
Mexico in 1846 - Fighting is one-sided
- U. S. assault Chapultepec Castle (Mexico City)
5Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)Mexico Loses
40 of its territory U.S. pays Mexico 15,000,000
6From the Civil War to the Spanish-American War
- Threats against the French intrusion into Mexico
- Richard Olney and Venezuela boundary dispute with
British Guiana (1895) - Spanish American War establishes U.S. hegemony in
the Caribbean. - Platt Amendment raises more resentment
7Final push for the Panama Canal -1
- Hay - Paunceforte removes the British in 1901
- U.S. had right to build control canal
- U.S. had right to fortify canal (revision)
- Philippe Bunau-Varilla swings TR and the
Republicans to support the Panama route
8Final push for the Panama Canal -2
- Colombia reacts negatively to Hay-HerrĂ¡n Treaty
(canal across Colombian province of Panama) - Too much land
- Not enough money
- Bunau-Varilla funds/organizes Panama revolt
- U.S.S. Nashville docks a Colon (Nov, 1903)
- Revolt against Panamanian rule (Nov. 3)
- TR recognizes new nation of Panama three days
later
9Panama Canal Treaty
- U. S. sovereign rights in the canal in
perpetuity - Panama paid 10 million and 250,000 annually
- TR I took the Canal Zone and let congress
debate
10Big Stick in the Caribbean
- TR international police power
- Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
- Occupation of Cuba
- Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
11Woodrow Wilsons Civilizing Interventions
- Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua
Mexico - Goal Teaching the Latin Americas to elect good
men - Increased dependency of Caribbean Basin
governments on the United States
12Post-interventionist policies 1920s
- Elevated costs lead Republican presidents to
dismantle Caribbean Basin protectorates - Example of Nicaragua
- Marines leave in 1933
- Somoza dynasty rules until 1979
- Herbert Hoover abandons interventionist stance of
his immediate predecessors - Clark memorandum repudiates Roosevelt Corollary
- U.S. dominates the Caribbean Basic
- Economically
- Militarily
13Good Neighbor Policy of FDR(New spirit toward
Latin America)
- Substantive Change
- Abrogates Platt Amendment (1934)
- Non-intervention when Cardenas nationalizes
holdings of U.S. petroleum companies - 1938 Eighth Pan American Conference
- Clash with ABC countries over severity of axis
threat - Commercial ties with Germany/Italy maintained
14World War II Increases U.S. Influence in Latin
America
- Washington sends military advisors to
counterbalance their Axis counterparts - After Pearl Harbor II most Latin American
countries declared war on the Axis powers - Massive amounts of military equipment went to
Latin America - Construction of Pan American Highway
- Chaupultepec Agreement set stage for regional
international reorganization
15AFTER WORLD WAR II
- Principal focus on strategic balance of power
between the U.S. and USSR - In this context Latin America marginally
important - Second level military powers, at best
- Region relatively isolated from Cold War cockpit
16Latin American perceptions of their security
needs changed dramatically in the 1960s
- Interests of the United States and Latin American
countries began to diverge - Promise of economic development was unfulfilled
- U.S. limited interpretation of of collective
hemispheric security appeared increasingly
limited to the Latin Americans
17Factors that influenced changes in the security
perspective of Latin Americans I
- Emergence of Latin American nations as economic
and entities with extensive international
contacts - Long-simmering desire to assert independence for
U.S. domination - U.S. pursuit of detente in 1960s undermined the
importance of Cold War alliances - Vietnam war lessened the attractiveness of the
U.S. as a model
18Factors that influenced changes in the security
perspective of Latin Americans II
- Emergence of North South ties diminished
importance of East-West conflict - Differences with U.S. over specific hemispheric
policy issues - Arms transfers
- Trade
- Cuba
- Economic development strategies
19The views of official Washington regarding U.S.
Security Interests (in Latin America) during the
early and middle phases of the Cold War
- Economic interests increasingly important
- L.A. provided 14 of U.S. exports/imports
- Received 18 of U.S investment abroad
- Tranquility in the region remained cornerstone of
U.S. capability to project its power abroad - Inter-American system did not provide a
satisfactory basis for regional collective
security
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21The three sub-regions of Latin America (Caribbean
Basin, South Atlantic West Coast of South
America) each presented a distinctive challenge
for United States national security between 1947
and 1976
22U.S. Security Interests in the Caribbean Basin
highest concern
- Economic and commercial interests
- Raw material
- Transport of energy
- Naval traffic between Atlantic and Pacific oceans
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24U.S. Security Interests in the Caribbean Basin
Political and Strategic
- Caribbean was a critical military link in U.S.
global defense purposes - Fear of the Soviet Unions blue water fleet
with its Cuban bases - High potential for anti-americanism and the fear
of more Cubas - Decline in U.S. dominance would be interpreted
elsewhere as decline in U.S. power
25Factors considered in assessing U.S. interests in
the Caribbean
- Strategic damage resulting from a denial of raw
materials - Potential of anti-americanism to challenge
concept of hemispheric solidarity - Signals that sub-regional developments sent to
the USSR - Importance that the region remain secure for the
transit of U.S. vessels
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27U.S. Security Interests in the South Atlantic
- Economic and commercial interests
- Importance of Cape of Good Hope in the event of
Middle East crisis - Development of deep seabed and offshore petroleum
exploration - Access to Antarctica
- Commercial interests of Latin American allies in
the South Atlantic
28U.S. Security Interests in the South Atlantic
political/strategic
- Political instability in Southern Africa and the
Soviets inclination to exploit the situation - Dealing with the aspirations of South American
countries to have a naval presence in the South
Atlantic - Growing capability of Soviets blue water navy
- Growing military capabilities of Brazil and
Argentina and the problem of their nuclear
rivalry
29Constraints on Cold War Era Cooperation between
the U.S. and South Atlantic Countries
- Hesitancy of Latin Americans to take on
additional military expenditures related to cold
war considerations - Pressures from many nationalists (and leftists)
to pursue a policy of non-alignment - European desire to provide high technology to
increase the national power capabilities of South
Atlantic countries
30As the Cold War began to draw down official
Washington began to rethink its national security
interests in Latin America