Universiti Malaysia Pahang

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Universiti Malaysia Pahang Fakulti Kejuruteraan
Pembuatan dan Pengurusan Teknologi Course Title
Occupational Safety and Health Management
System (OSHMS) Introduction To OSHMS
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Introduction To OSH Management System Topic
Cover Definition of OSHMS Evolution of
OSHMS Elements in OSHMS Relevant Standards
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Introduction To OSHMS Since the 90s, safety
and health practitioners has initiated to
promulgate and implement the OSH management
system based on system approach. The idea of
using the system approach in managing OSH was not
something new. Its initial proposal made by
Heinrich, a safety and health expert in 1930.
Heinrichs Theory of Loss Causation explained
that the caused of accident was not due only to
the immediate causes such as unsafe act and
unsafe condition, but also by the underlying
causes often because of loss in the management
control.
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Heinrich The Domino Theory
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Heinrich five factors in the accident sequence
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Unsafe act and mechanical hazard constitute the
central factor in the accident sequence
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Multi-Causation
Behind every accident there lies many
contributing factors, causes and sub-causes.
ROOT CAUSE (Lack of Control)
BASIC CAUSE
IMMEDIATE CAUSE
INCIDENT/ LOSS
Cause A Cause B Cause C
Cause D Cause E
Cause F
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Updated Domino Theory

• This update introduced two new concepts
• The influence of management and managerial error.
• Loss, as the result of an accident could be
  production losses, property damage as well as
  injuries

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The Development Of OSHMS Liberalization of
trade and economies Increase in occupational
accident and diseases Traditional command
control mechanisms inadequate Systems approach
pioneered by Edward Demings Development of
standards by ISO.
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Why OSHMS ? Sytematic way to manage OSH
activities in the organisation OSH as integral
part of the organisations value
system Reduction of hazards and risks,accidents,
diseases Low absenteeism , high productivity ,
job satisfaction
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WHAT IS AN OSH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(OSH-MS)? General definition An OSH MS is
a planned, documented and verifiable method of
managing hazards and associated risks. An OSH MS
can be simple or complex, it can be highly
documented or sparingly described and it can be
home grown or based on an available model. What
is an ISO? Layman definition YOU WRITE WHAT
EVER YOU DO AND YOU DO WHAT EVER YOUR WRITE
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WHAT IS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM? ( ISO Standard
definition) ISO 140011996 The part of the
overall management system that includes
organisational structure, planning activities,
responsibilities, practices, procedures,
processes, and resources for developing,
implementing, achieving, reviewing and
maintaining the environmental policy   OHSAS
180011999 Part of the overall management system
that facilitates the management of the OHS risks
associated with the business of the organisation.
This includes organisational structure, planning
activities, responsibilities, practices,
procedures, processes, and resources for
developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing
and maintaining the organisations OHS policy.
  ILO-OSH2001 and MS 17222003 A set of
interrelated or interacting elements to establish
OSH policy and objectives, and to achieve those
objectives.
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Evolution of OSHMS

• After the successful of ISO 9000 series and ISO
  14000 series,
• 1996, Discussed at an ISO International Workshop
  on OSH-MS Standardization standard should under
  ILO,
• 1999, OHSAS 180011999 has been developed by an
  association of national standards and
  certification bodies, from BS 88001996,
• 2001, Guideline on OSH MS (ILO-OSH 2001) has
  being published by the ILO,
• 2003, ILO-OSHMS was adopted by Malaysia as its
  own standards named as MS 17222003 OSH
  MS-Guidelines

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MALAYSIAS LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ON OSH-MS
Under OSHA Act 1994, Part IV, Section 15 duty
and responsibility of every employer and
self-employed
To ensure so far as practicable, the safety,
health and welfare at work of all employees

• maintain the plant and system of work that are so
  far as practicable, safe and without risk to
  health
• so far as practicable to ensure safety and
  absence of risks to health operation, handling
  etc
• so far as practicable, the provision such as
  information, training and supervision to ensure
  so far as practicable, safety health
• so far as practicable, to maintain safe working
  environment
• so far as practicable, as regards any place of
  work should be safe and without risks to health

Regulation 19, OSHA, 1994 - Fine not exceeding
fifty thousand ringgit (RM 50,000) or to
imprisonment for the term not exceeding two years
or both
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MALAYSIAS LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ON OSHMS
Duties of Employees Section 24, OSHA 1994
General duties of Employees

• Maintain a safe and healthy working environment
• Keep work area clean and safe at all times
• Stay informed of safety and health issues
• Observe and comply with all established safety
  and health requirements
• Understand and follow safety and health
  guidelines included in work instructions
• Keep aisles, exits and emergency equipment clear
  of obstructions

Regulation 24(1), OSHA, 1994 - Fine not
exceeding one thousand ringgit (RM1,000) or to
imprisonment for the term not exceeding two years
or both
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MAIN ELEMENTS OF MALAYSIAN OSH-MS (MS 17222003)

• Adapted from ILO-OSH 2001,
• Based on the OSHA Act 1994,
• Has five main elements of Deming Wheel (PDCA),
• These elements are namely
• Policy,
• Organizing,
• Planning and implementation,
• Evaluation, and
• Action for improvement

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Deming Wheel
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5 main elements of OSH MS
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ELEMENTS OF A OSH SYSTEM
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Detail Breakdown of MS 17222003 Elements
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Policy

• Policy
• The employer, in consultation with workers and
  their representatives, should set out in writing
  an OSH policy, which should be
• (a) specific to the organization and appropriate
  to its size and the nature of its activities
• (b) concise, clearly written, dated and made
  effective by the signature or endorsement of the
  employer or the most senior accountable person in
  the organization
• (c) communicated readily accessible to all
  persons at their place of work
• (d) reviewed for continuing suitability
• (e) made available to relevant external
  interested parties, as appropriate.

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Example of Safety Policy

• MWA CONSULTANCY SERVICES
• Safety and Health Policy Statement
• We are dedicated to providing a safe and
  healthful environment for employees and
  customers, protecting the public, and preserving
  MWA CONSULTANCY SERVICES assets and property.
• At MWA CONSULTANCY SERVICES our most valuable
  resource are the people who work for us.
  Injuries can be prevented, INSYAALLAH. To
  achieve this objective, MWA CONSULTANCY SERVICES
  will make all reasonable efforts to comply with
  all government regulations pertaining to safety
  and health issues. An effective Safety and
  Health Program will be carried out throughout our
  organization.
• The Safety and Health Program will assist
  management and non-supervisory employees in
  controlling hazards and risks which will minimize
  employee and customer injuries, damage to
  customers property and damage or destruction of
  MWA CONSULTANCY SERVICES property.
• All employees will follow this program. This
  program is designed to encourage all employees to
  promote the safety of their fellow employees and
  customers. To accomplish our safety and health
  goals, all members of management are responsible
  and accountable for implementing this policy, and
  to insure it is followed.
• MWA CONSULTANCY SERVICES is sincerely interested
  in the employees safety. The policy of MWA
  CONSULTANCY SERVICES is to provide safe
  equipment, adequate tools and training, and the
  necessary protective equipment. It is the
  employees responsibility to follow the rules of
  safety as established for their protection and
  the protection of others, and to use the
  protective devices, which MWA CONSULTANCY
  SERVICES provides.

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Policy

• Worker Participation
• Worker participation is an essential element of
  the OSH management system in the organization.
• The employer should ensure that workers and their
  safety and health representatives are consulted,
  informed and trained on all aspects of OSH,
  including emergency arrangements, associated with
  their work.
• The employer should make arrangements for workers
  and their safety and health representatives to
  have the time and resources to participate
  actively in the processes of organizing, planning
  and implementation, evaluation and action for
  improvement of the OSH management system.
• The employer should ensure, as appropriate, the
  establishment and efficient functioning of a
  safety and health committee and the recognition
  of workers' safety and health representatives, in
  accordance with national laws and practice.

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Organizing

• Responsibility and accountability
• The employer should have overall responsibility
  for the protection of workers' safety and health,
  and provide leadership for OSH activities in the
  organization.
• The employer and senior management should
  allocate responsibility, accountability and
  authority for the development, implementation and
  performance of the OSH management system and the
  achievement of the relevant OSH objectives.

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Organizing

• Structures and processes should be established
  which
• (a) ensure that OSH is a line-management
  responsibility which is known and accepted at all
  levels
• (b) define and communicate to the members of the
  organization the responsibility, accountability
  and authority of persons who identify, evaluate
  or control OSH hazards and risks
• (c) provide effective supervision, as necessary,
  to ensure the protection of workers' safety and
  health
• (d) promote cooperation and communication among
  members of the organization, including workers
  and their representatives, to implement the
  elements of the organization's OSH management
  system
• (e) fulfill the principles of OSH management
  systems contained in relevant national
  guidelines, tailored guidelines or voluntary
  program, as appropriate, to which the
  organization subscribes

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Organizing

• (f) establish and implement a clear OSH policy
  and measurable objectives
• (g) establish effective arrangements to identify
  and eliminate or control work-related hazards and
  risks, and promote health at work
• (h) establish prevention and health promotion
  program
• (i) ensure effective arrangements for the full
  participation of workers and their
  representatives in the fulfillment of the OSH
  policy
• (j) provide appropriate resources to ensure that
  persons responsible for OSH, including the safety
  and health committee, can perform their functions
  properly
• (k) ensure effective arrangements for the full
  participation of workers and their
  representatives in safety and health committees,
  where they exist.

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Organizing

• Competence and training
• The necessary OSH competence requirements should
  be defined by the employer, and arrangements
  established and maintained to ensure that all
  persons are competent to carry out the safety and
  health aspects of their duties and
  responsibilities.
• The employer should have, or should have access
  to, sufficient OSH competence to identify and
  eliminate or control work-related hazards and
  risks, and to implement the OSH management system.

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Organizing

• Occupational safety and health management system
  documentation
• According to the size and nature of activity of
  the organization, OSH management system
  documentation should be established and
  maintained, and may cover
• (a) the OSH policy and objectives of the
  organization
• (b) the allocated key OSH management roles and
  responsibilities for the implementation of the
  OSH management system
• (c) the significant OSH hazards/risks arising
  from the organization's activities, and the
  arrangements for their prevention and control
• (d) arrangements, procedures, instructions or
  other internal documents used within the
  framework of the OSH management system.

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Organizing

• Communication
• Arrangements and procedures should be established
  and maintained for
• (a) receiving, documenting and responding
  appropriately to internal and external
  communications related to OSH
• (b) ensuring the internal communication of OSH
  information between relevant levels and functions
  of the organization
• (c) ensuring that the concerns, ideas and inputs
  of workers and their representatives on OSH
  matters are received, considered and responded to.

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Planning and Implementation

• Initial Review
• The initial review should be carried out by
  competent persons, in consultation with workers
  and/or their representatives, as appropriate.
• It should
• (a) identify the current applicable national laws
  and regulations, national guidelines, tailored
  guidelines, voluntary program and other
  requirements to which the organization subscribes
• (b) identify, anticipate and assess hazards and
  risks to safety and health arising from the
  existing or proposed work environment and work
  organization
• (c) determine whether planned or existing
  controls are adequate to eliminate hazards or
  control risks
• (d) analyze the data provided from workers'
  health surveillance.
• The result of the initial review should
• (a) be documented
• (b) become the basis for making decisions
  regarding the implementation of the OSH
  management system
• (c) provide a baseline from which continual
  improvement of the organization's OSH management
  system can be measured.

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Planning and Implementation

• System planning, development and implementation
• The purpose of planning should be to create an
  OSH management system that supports
• (a) as the minimum, compliance with national laws
  and regulations
• (b) the elements of the organization's OSH
  management system
• (c) continual improvement in OSH performance

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Planning and Implementation

• Occupational safety and health objectives
• Consistent with the OSH policy and based on the
  initial or subsequent reviews, measurable OSH
  objectives should be established, which are
• (a) specific to the organization, and appropriate
  to and according to its size and nature of
  activity
• (b) consistent with the relevant and applicable
  national laws and regulations, and the technical
  and business obligations of the organization with
  regard to OSH
• (c) focused towards continually improving
  workers' OSH protection to achieve the best OSH
  performance
• (d) realistic and achievable
• (e) documented, and communicated to all relevant
  functions and levels of the organization
• (f) periodically evaluated and if necessary
  updated.

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Planning and Implementation

• Hazard prevention
• Prevention and control measures
• Hazards and risks to workers' safety and health
  should be identified and assessed on an ongoing
  basis. Preventive and protective measures should
  be implemented in the following order of
  priority
• (a) eliminate the hazard/risk
• (b) control the hazard/risk at source, through
  the use of engineering controls or organizational
  measures
• (c) minimize the hazard/risk by the design of
  safe work systems, which include administrative
  control measures
• (d) where residual hazards/risks cannot be
  controlled by collective measures, the employer
  should provide for appropriate personal
  protective equipment, including clothing, at no
  cost, and should implement measures to ensure its
  use and maintenance.

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Planning and Implementation

• Hazard prevention
• Management of change
• The impact on OSH of internal changes (such as
  those in staffing or due to new processes,
  working procedures, organizational structures or
  acquisitions) and of external changes (for
  example, as a result of amendments of national
  laws and regulations, organizational mergers, and
  developments in OSH knowledge and technology)
  should be evaluated and appropriate preventive
  steps taken prior to the introduction of changes.
• A workplace hazard identification and risk
  assessment should be carried out before any
  modification or introduction of new work methods,
  materials, processes or machinery. Such
  assessment should be done in consultation with
  and involving workers and their representatives,
  and the safety and health committee, where
  appropriate.
• The implementation of a "decision to change"
  should ensure that all affected members of the
  organization are properly informed and trained.

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Planning and Implementation

• Hazard prevention
• Emergency prevention, preparedness and response
• Emergency prevention, preparedness and response
  arrangements should be established and
  maintained. These arrangements should identify
  the potential for accidents and emergency
  situations, and address the prevention of OSH
  risks associated with them. The arrangements
  should be made according to the size and nature
  of activity of the organization.
• They should
• (a) ensure that the necessary information,
  internal communication and coordination are
  provided to protect all people in the event of an
  emergency at the worksite
• (b) provide information to, and communication
  with, the relevant competent authorities, and the
  neighborhood and emergency response services
• (c) address first-aid and medical assistance,
  firefighting and evacuation of all people at the
  worksite
• (d) provide relevant information and training to
  all members of the organization, at all levels,
  including regular exercises in emergency
  prevention, preparedness and response procedures
• Emergency prevention, preparedness and response
  arrangements should be established in cooperation
  with external emergency services and other bodies
  where applicable.

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Planning and Implementation

• Hazard prevention
• Procurement
• Procedures should be established and maintained
  to ensure that
• (a) compliance with safety and health
  requirements for the organization is identified,
  evaluated and incorporated into purchasing and
  leasing specifications
• (b) national laws and regulations and the
  organization's own OSH requirements are
  identified prior to the procurement of goods and
  services
• (c) arrangements are made to achieve conformance
  to the requirements prior to their use.

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Planning and Implementation

• Hazard prevention
• Contracting
• Arrangements for contractors working on site
  should
• (a) include OSH criteria in procedures for
  evaluating and selecting contractors
• (b) establish effective ongoing communication and
  coordination between appropriate levels of the
  organization and the contractor prior to
  commencing work. This should include provisions
  for communicating hazards and the measures to
  prevent and control them
• (c) include arrangements for reporting of
  work-related injuries, ill health, diseases and
  incidents among the contractors' workers while
  performing work for the organization
• (d) provide relevant workplace safety and health
  hazard awareness and training to contractors or
  their workers prior to commencing work and as
  work progresses, as necessary
• (e) regularly monitor OSH performance of
  contractor activities on site
• (f) ensure that on-site OSH procedures and
  arrangements are followed by the contractor(s).

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Evaluation

• Performance monitoring and measurement
• Procedures to monitor, measure and record OSH
  performance on a regular basis should be
  developed, established and periodically reviewed.
  Responsibility, accountability and authority for
  monitoring at different levels in the management
  structure should be allocated.
• The selection of performance indicators should be
  according to the size and nature of activity of
  the organization and the OSH objectives.

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Evaluation

• Performance monitoring and measurement
• Both qualitative and quantitative measures
  appropriate to the needs of the organization
  should be considered. These should
• (a) be based on the organization's identified
  hazards and risks, the commitments in the OSH
  policy and the OSH objectives
• (b) support the organization's evaluation
  process, including the management review.

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Evaluation

• Investigation of work-related injuries, ill
  health, diseases and incidents, and their impact
  on safety and health performance
• The investigation of the origin and underlying
  causes of work-related injuries, ill health,
  diseases and incidents should identify any
  failures in the OSH management system and should
  be documented.
• Such investigations should be carried out by
  competent persons, with the appropriate
  participation of workers and their
  representatives.
• The results of such investigations should be
  communicated to the safety and health committee,
  where it exists, and the committee should make
  appropriate recommendations.
• The results of investigations, in addition to any
  recommendations from the safety and health
  committee, should be communicated to appropriate
  persons for corrective action, included in the
  management review and considered for continual
  improvement activities.
• The corrective action resulting from such
  investigations should be implemented in order to
  avoid repetition of work-related injuries, ill
  health, diseases and incidents.
• Reports produced by external investigative
  agencies, such as inspectorates and social
  insurance institutions, should be acted upon in
  the same manner as internal investigations,
  taking into account issues of confidentiality.

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Evaluation

• Audit
• Arrangements to conduct periodic audits are to be
  established in order to determine whether the OSH
  management system and its elements are in place,
  adequate, and effective in protecting the safety
  and health of workers and preventing incidents.
• An audit policy and program should be developed,
  which includes a designation of auditor
  competency, the audit scope, the frequency of
  audits, audit methodology and reporting.
• The audit includes an evaluation of the
  organization's OSH management system elements or
  a subset of these, as appropriate.

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Evaluation

• Audit
• The audit should cover
• (a) OSH policy
• (b) worker participation
• (c) responsibility and accountability
• (d) competence and training
• (e) OSH management system documentation
• (f) communication
• (g) system planning, development and
  implementation
• (h) prevention and control measures
• (i) management of change
• (j) emergency prevention, preparedness and
  response

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Evaluation

• Audit
• The audit should cover
• (k) procurement
• (l) contracting
• (m) performance monitoring and measurement
• (n) investigation of work-related injuries, ill
  health, diseases and incidents, and their impact
  on safety and health performance
• (o) audit
• (p) management review
• (q) preventive and corrective action
• (r) continual improvement
• (s) any other audit criteria or elements that may
  be appropriate.

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Evaluation

• The audit conclusion should determine whether the
  implemented OSH management system elements or a
  subset of these
• are effective in meeting the organization's OSH
  policy and objectives
• are effective in promoting full worker
  participation
• respond to the results of OSH performance
  evaluation and previous audits
• enable the organization to achieve compliance
  with relevant national laws and regulations
• fulfill the goals of continual improvement and
  best OSH practice.

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Evaluation

• Audit
• Audits should be conducted by competent persons
  internal or external to the organization who are
  independent of the activity being audited.
• The audit results and audit conclusions should be
  communicated to those responsible for corrective
  action.
• Consultation on selection of the auditor and all
  stages of the workplace audit, including analysis
  of results, are subject to worker participation,
  as appropriate.

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Evaluation

• Management Review
• Management reviews should
• (a) evaluate the overall strategy of the OSH
  management system to determine whether it meets
  planned performance objectives
• (b) evaluate the OSH management system's ability
  to meet the overall needs of the organization and
  its stakeholders, including its workers and the
  regulatory authorities
• (c) evaluate the need for changes to the OSH
  management system, including OSH policy and
  objectives
• (d) identify what action is necessary to remedy
  any deficiencies in a timely manner, including
  adaptations of other aspects of the
  organization's management structure and
  performance measurement
• (e) provide the feedback direction, including the
  determination of priorities, for meaningful
  planning and continual improvement
• (f) evaluate progress towards the organization's
  OSH objectives and corrective action activities
• (g) evaluate the effectiveness of follow-up
  actions from earlier management reviews.

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Action for Improvement

• Preventive and corrective action
• Arrangements should be established and maintained
  for preventive and corrective action resulting
  from OSH management system performance monitoring
  and measurement, OSH management system audits and
  management reviews. These arrangements should
  include
• (a) identifying and analyzing the root causes of
  any non-conformities with relevant OSH
  regulations and/or OSH management systems
  arrangements
• (b) initiating, planning, implementing, checking
  the effectiveness of and documenting corrective
  and preventive action, including changes to the
  OSH management system itself.
• When the evaluation of the OSH management system
  or other sources show that preventive and
  protective measures for hazards and risks are
  inadequate or likely to become inadequate, the
  measures should be addressed according to the
  recognized hierarchy of prevention and control
  measures, and completed and documented, as
  appropriate and in a timely manner.

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Action for Improvement

• Continual improvement
• Arrangements should be established and maintained
  for the continual improvement of the relevant
  elements of the OSH management system and the
  system as a whole. These arrangements should take
  into account
• (a) the OSH objectives of the organization
• (b) the results of hazard and risk
  identifications and assessments
• (c) the results of performance monitoring and
  measurements
• (d) the investigation of work-related injuries,
  diseases, ill health and incidents, and the
  results and recommendations of audits
• (e) the outcomes of the management review
• (f) the recommendations for improvement from all
  members of the organization, including the safety
  and health committee, where it exists
• (g) changes in national laws and regulations,
  voluntary program and collective agreements
• (h) new relevant information

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Essential Features of OSH-MS

• Other people experience (not mine) has shown that
  if OSH-MS is to be effective, successful,
  sustainable and ongoing it must contain the
  following features
• Visible management commitment to safety
• Sound safety policy
• Safety to be a line management responsibility
• Competent safety advisers
• High, well understood, safety standards
• Techniques to measure safety performance
• Realistic safety targets and objects
• Audits of safety standards and practices
• Effective safety training
• Thorough investigation and follow-up of injuries
  incidents
• Effective motivation and communication
• (go back)

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MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

1. ensure that OSH is a line-management
   responsibility, which is known and accepted at
   all levels
2. define and communicate to the members of the
   organisation the responsibility, accountability
   and authority of persons who identify, evaluate
   or control OSH hazards and risks
3. provide effective supervision, as necessary, to
   ensure the protection of employees' safety and
   health
4. promote cooperation and communication among
   members of the organisation, including workers
   and their representatives, to implement the
   elements of the organisation's OSH management
   system

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• 5.fulfil the principles of OSH management systems
  contained in relevant national guidelines or
  voluntary programmes, as appropriate, to which
  the organisation subscribes
• establish and implement a clear OSH policy and
  measurable objectives
• establish effective arrangements to identify and
  eliminate or control work-related hazards and
  risks, and promote health at work
• establish prevention and health promotion
  programmes
• ensure effective arrangements for the full
  participation of employees and their
  representatives in the fulfilment of the OSH
  policy

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• 10.provide appropriate resources to ensure that
  persons responsible for OSH, including the safety
  and health committee, can perform their functions
  properly and
• ensure effective arrangements for the full
  participation of workers and their
  representatives in safety and health committees,
  where they exist.

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WORKER PARTICIPATION
There are many ways that workers can and should
participate in OSH-MS activities. IOHA suggests
that representatives should be actively involved
in

1. Emergency Preparedness,
2. Task Analysis,
3. Safety Assessments,
4. Evaluation and revision of standard operating
   procedures (SOPs) and work instructions Training
   programs, and
5. Evaluations or audits.

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WORKER PARTICIPATION
Active member in

1. Safety Health Committee
2. Emergency Response/Volunteer Fire Fighting Team
3. First Aid Team
4. Housekeeping Inspection Team
5. HIRARC/JSA Team
6. Internal Audit Team

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WORKER PARTICIPATION
Campaign and Program

1. Safety and Health Week or Month
2. Fire Drill / Chemical Spillage Drill / etc.
3. Awareness Campaign / Exhibition / Display
4. No Smoking Day
5. Zero Accident Competition (Monthly, Quarterly or
   Yearly)
6. Inter Department Housekeeping Competition
7. Gotong-royong
8. Employee of the month (to include Safety
   criteria)
9. Contests and competitions
10. Newsletter/Bulletin
11. Safety message through gifts, souvenirs, etc.

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WORKER PARTICIPATION
Active as an individual in taking part of

• Safety and Health Contests/Competitions
• Slogan, Logo Poster Drawing Competition
• Spot the Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions in
  Picture
• Safety and Health Quiz
• Safety Suggestion Competition
• Reporting of Hazards, Unsafe Conditions, etc.
• Personal Health Monitoring / Medical Check Up
• Blood Donation Campaign