Hormones of the sexual glands: androgens and their semi-synthetic derivatives, estrogens and their synthetic analogues. Prostaglandins as pharmaceuticals, their properties, application.

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Lecture ?21

• Hormones of the sexual glands androgens and
  their semi-synthetic derivatives, estrogens and
  their synthetic analogues. Prostaglandins as
  pharmaceuticals, their properties, application.
• ass. Medvid I.I.
  

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Androgenic hormones

• Male sex hormones called androgens (from the
  Greek word 'Andros' - a man and "Genetic" -
  birth). Androgenic hormones are produced by male
  gonads (testicular) during the puberty (sexual
  maturity period).
• Androgens are necessary for the formation of
  sexual sphere and development of secondary sexual
  characteristics in men. They also affect on
  various biochemical processes, not related to the
  characteristics of sex - cause anabolic effects,
  affect on the exchange of carbohydrates, lipids,
  cholesterol, electrolytes and other staff.
• Natural androgen is testosterone, which was at
  first dedicated in 1931 y. and synthesized in
  1934 y.
• Testosterone creates male and his lack in the old
  age in man destroys the body, creating the
  conditions for heart attacks and strokes.
• Testosterone - unstable substance and is not used
  as a medicine. In medicine, testosterone
  derivatives (esters) are used, which are absorbed
  slowly and are more stanle and also synthetic
  substitutes, such as methyltestosterone. They all
  have medicinal properties of the natural hormone.

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• Subsequent research established that the
  testosterone effect is prolonged after the
  esterification by fatty acid. Ester creates
  original depot at the injection site from which
  they were gradually absorbed, while testosterone
  is quickly removed from the body by the kidneys.
  One of the most active and stable at the storage
  of testosterone esters is testosterone
  propionate.
• Methyltestosterone (17a-methyltestosterone),
  although by the force of action is weaker then
  testosterone propionate, but not destroyed by
  enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract and remains
  activity at the oral admission.
• Androgens are used for men with sexual
  underdevelopment, functional disorders of sexual
  sphere (eunuchoidism) and in old age with
  vascular and nerve disorders.
• Applied by older women (over 60) at the tumors of
  reproductive organs, mammary glands of uterine
  bleeding, as well as radiotherapy of ovarian
  cancer and breast cancer.

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Chemical signs of androgens

1. Derivatives of androstane
2. Availability of oxo-group(?) in position 3
3. In position 4 double bond
4. Hydroxy-group (-??) (can be esterificated) in
   position17.

• Androstane
• Testosterone

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General identification reactions on androgenic
hormones

• On steroid system Boscots reaction and
  reaction with concentrated sulfate acid.
• On keto-group in the position 3 reactions of the
  oximes, hydrazones, isonicotinoyl hydrazones,
  phenyl hydrazones formation.
• Esters of androgenic hormones (testosterone
  propionate) alkaline hydrolysis hydroxamic
  reaction.
• Alcoholic hydroxyl in 17ß-position formation of
  esters with character melting temperature.

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Testosterone propionate (Testosteroni propionas)
(SPhU 1.2)

• 
  3-Oxandrost-4-ene-17ß-yl propanoate
• or
  17ß-propioneoxyandrostene-4-one-3
• Produce synthetically, based on cholesterol,
  which is produced with the processing of lanolin
  and pork fat of animals.
• Characters. White or almost white crystalline
  powder or colorless crystals. Practically
  insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and
  acetone, soluble in fatty oils.

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Identification of testosterone propionate

• Absorption spectrophotometry in IR-spectrum.
• On steroid system Boscots reaction. Intense
  yellow fluorescence.
• The drug is dissolved in ??3???? conc., add by
  drops bromine water - its bleaching occurs
  (reaction on double bond).
• Establish a melting point of testosterone derived
  as a result of alkaline hydrolysis.
• On ester group hydroxamic reaction (red-brown
  color).
• On oxo-group in position 3 oxime formation,
  which can be identified by the temperature of
  melting.
• UV-spectrophotometry.

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Assay of testosterone

• UV-spectrophotometry (index method).
• Photocolorimetry (based on the reaction
  between the drug with isoniazid and establishment
  isonicotinoylhydrazone, colored in yellow).
• Storage and application
• In tightly corked container, protected from
  moisture and light action.
• Androgenic drug for the treatment of climacteric,
  vascular and nerve disorders and cancers of
  breast and ovaries in women. Enter by i/m way in
  oil solutions.
• Issue amp. 1,0 and 5,0 solution in oil.
• Omnadren oil solution for injection amp. 1 ml
  ?5 (contains a mixture of testosterone esters
  propionate, phenylpropionate, capronate,
  isocapronate).
• Andriol (testosterone undecanoate) caps. 40 mg
  ? 30
• Androgel (testosteron) gel for the external
  usage 2,5 or 5 g ?10.
• Proviron (mesterolone, derivative of
  5-androstanone (3)) tabl. by 25 mg ?20.

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Testosterone enanthate (Testosteroni enanthas)

• 17-enanthoxyandrostene-4-one-3
• Applied in same cases as testosterone
  propionate. Act slower but longer as testosterone
  propionate. Enter by i/m way as 20 solution in
  oil one time every 2-4 weeks. Included to the
  Testoenatum mixture pro injectionibus amp. by 1
  ml of 10 solution in peach oil (contains 24 mg
  of testosterone propionate and 111 mg of
  testosterone enanthate).

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Methyltestosterone (Methyltestosteronum)

• 17a-methyl-17ß-oxyandrostene-4-one-3
• Synthetic testosterone replacement.
• Characters. White crystalline powder,
  odorless. Practically not soluble in water,
  slightly soluble in ether and oils, soluble in
  acetone, easily soluble in ethanol.

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Identification of methyltestosterone

• On steroid system Boscots reaction. Intense
  yellow fluorescence.
• At the dissolving of the drug in conc. H2SO4
  orange-yellow color appears, and after adding of
  water - orange-yellow color with green
  fluorescence (steroid cycle).
• On alcoholic group ?? acetilation reaction,
  acting of (??3??)2? in pyridine at the dilution
  with water select methyltestosterone acetate with
  melting temperature 173-176º ? (with
  decomposition).
• On oxo-group in position 3 the substance is
  boiled in methanol with H2NOHHCl sediment of
  oxime falls (melting temperature 210-216º?).

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Assay of methyltestosterone

• UV-spectrophotometry at ?240 nm.
• Storage and application
• In tightly corked container, protected from
  moisture and light action.
• Androgenic medication. In 2-3 times less
  active than testosterone propionate, but remains
  activity at the inside usage (sublingual).
• Issue tabl. by 5-10 mg.

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Anabolic steroid structure means

• Anabolic drugs called substance that in the body
  stimulate the synthesis of proteins. Under their
  influence increasing body weight, improves the
  general condition of patients. By their structure
  anabolic drug are similar to male sex hormones,
  which have anabolic activity as side effect.
• Apply of androgens with anabolic action is not
  possible to treat women and children. Therefore
  it became necessary to synthesize the substance,
  which would be rather weak androgenic effect but
  a stronger or equal with androgens anabolic
  activity. It turned out that this can be achieved
  at some changes of molecular structure of male
  sex hormones.

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• There are three major ways of androgenic activity
  lowering
• 1) Transfering of double bond from position 4 to
  position 5
• 2) Introduction of the additional double bond in
  position 1
• 3) Elimination of methyl group at position 19.
• Derivatives of 19-nortestosterone
• are the best anabolic drug.

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Methylandrostendiol (Methylandrostendiolum)
Methandriol

• 17a-methylandrostene-5-diol-3ß,17ß or
• 3ß,17ß-dioxy-17a-methylandrostene-5
• Characters. White crystalline powder,
  odorless. Practically not soluble in water,
  soluble in ethanol, sparingly soluble in
  chloroform.

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Identification of methylandrostendiol

• At the dissolving of the drug in conc. H2SO4
  orange-yellow color appears, with green
  fluorescence (steroid cycle).
• On alcoholic group ?? acetylation reaction,
  after the action of (??3??)2? in pyridine
  17-monoacetate of methylandrostendiol appears
  with melting temperature 174-180º ?.
• To the solution of drug in 80 ??3???? carefully
  add conc. H2SO4 on the border of phases appears
  orange color, the upper phase is characterized by
  yellow-green fluorescence.
• UV- spectroscopy.
• Specific optical rotation.

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Assay of methylandrostendiol

• Gravimetry.
• Storage and application
• In tightly corked container, protected from
  moisture and light action.
• By chemical structure resembles
  methyltestosterone, but has weaker androgenic
  anabolic effect and stronger anabolic activity.
• Apply at the disorders of protein metabolism
  after severe injuries, operations, at the
  exhaustion, after infectious diseases, at the lag
  growth in adolescents. Treatment of women should
  be under the supervision of the gynecologist to
  prevent the effects virilization.
• Adopt in the form of tablets for sublingual
  absorption by 25-50 mg per day. Not used in
  prostate cancer, liver diseases.
• Release in the form of tablets by 10 and 25 mg.

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Methandrostenolone (Methandrostenolonum) ??????,
Methandienone

• 17a -methyl-17ß-oxy-1,4-androstanediene -3-one or
• 1,2-dihydromethyltestosterone
• Characters. White crystalline powder, are
  allowed a weak yellowish shade. Very little
  soluble in water, slightly soluble in ether,
  easily soluble in ethanol, chloroform.

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Identification of methandrostenolone

• UV-spectroscopy.
• At the dissolving of the drug in conc. H2SO4
  dark-red color formed.
• On oxo-group in position 3 after the interaction
  of the drug with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
  2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of methandrostenolonw
  formed, which has orange-red color.
• Test on purity
• The presence of side steroids as contaminant
  (methyltestosterone) is established by TLC.
• Selenium admixture (not more than 0,01) - the
  method of combustion in oxygen followed by
  spectrophotometry.

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• Assay of methandrostenolone
• UV-spectrophotometry. In tablets
  methandrostenolone is detected by
  photocolorimetric method by the interaction with
  conc. H2SO4 .
• Storage and application
• In tightly corked container, protected from
  moisture and light action.
• Androgenic action is in100 times weaker then in
  testosterone propionate, anabolic activity the
  same .
• Apply at the protein metabolism disorder, chronic
  adrenal insufficiency, toxic goitre, diabetic
  angiopathy, steroid diabetes, chronic coronary
  insufficiency and myocardial infarction,
  rheumatic heart lesions, atherosclerotic
  cardiosclerosis, stomach ulcers and duodenal
  ulcers, osteoporosis, bone fractures, eczema,
  psoriasis and others.
• Produce in the form of tablets by 1 and 5 mg.

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Phenobolin (Phenobolinum), Nerobolil, Durabolin,
Nandronolone phenylpropionate

• 17ß-phenylpropioneoxy-19-norandrostene-4-one-3 or
• 19-nortestosterone phenylpropionate
• Characters. White, sometimes with a creamy
  tinct crystalline powder. Practically insoluble
  in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, freely
  soluble in chloroform and acetone.

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• Identification of phenobolin
• Melting temperature (95-99 ?).
• IR-spectroscopy.
• TLC.
• Assay
• UV-spectrophotometry.
• Storage and application
• In tightly corked container, protected from
  light action.
• Phenobolin active anabolic mean with long action
  (7-15 days after single injection). Detects very
  weak androgenic effect, in women virilyzation
  phenomena almost not observed. Applied in those
  cases, as methandrostenolone, not used for the
  treatment of prostate cancer.
• Enter by the i/m way in oil solution by 25-50 mg
  1 time every 7-10 days.
• Issue by 1 ml of 1 and 2,5 solutions in oil.

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Retabolil (Retabolilum), Nandrolone

• 17ß-decanoyloxy-19-noradrenostene-4-one-3 or
• 19-noradrenostene decanoate
• Strong and long (3 weeks) anabolic effect. Low
  toxicity, androgenic effect is lover than in
  phenobolin. Enter by the i/m way by 25-50 mg 1
  time every 2-3 weeks. Produce in the form of 5
  oil solution in amp. by 1 ml.

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Female sex hormones and synthetic substitutes

• Female sex hormones called estrogens (from the
  Greek word "estrus" - estrus and "Gennao" -
  birth). These hormones are produced in maturing
  ovarian follicles and participate in the
  implementation of menstruation. They are
  necessary for the formation of female sex and
  female secondary sexual characteristics and
  functions for having children.
• The natural estrogen is estradiol and estron.
  Among them estron is a medical drug and estradiol
  used in the form of esters and other derivatives,
  becouse estradiol itself very rapidly inactivates
  in the body.
• As medical drugs estrogens are used in low
  ovarian function (primary and secondary
  amenorrhea), underdevelopment of the uterus,
  sterility, post-castartion disorders, surgical
  removal of ovaries. Estrogens are used to treat
  parahormone cancer in men and increased of labor
  activity (causing contraction of the uterus).
• Do not apply to women aged up to 60 years for
  malignant and benign tumors of the genital organs
  and mammary glands.

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Earlier estrone (folliculine) and estradiol are
obtained from the urine of pregnant women, then -
from the urine of pregnant animals. Now them are
obtained synthetically from cholesterol.

• Estradiol

• Estrone

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Chemical signs of estrogens

1. Derivatives of estrane.
2. Presence of the tree double bounds in the
   positions 1, 3, 5(10).
3. Group ?? (oxy-group) in position 3.
4. Group ?? (can be esterificated) or oxo-group
   (?) in position17.

• Estrane

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General identification reaction on estrogenic
hormones

• On steroid system Boscots reaction and reaction
  with concentrated sulfate acid.
• Esters of estrogenic hormones (estradiol
  dipropionate) hydrolysis with the following
  identification of the products of hydrolysis
  hydroxamic reaction.
• Phenolic hydroxyl - reactions
• ?) electrophilic substitution (bromination,
  nitration, formation azo-dye, aurin stain)
• b) salt and complex formation with heavy metals
  salts (for example, FeCl3)
• c) Esters formation (for example, with benzoyl
  chloride), which have character melting
  temperature.

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Estrone (Oestronum) Folliculine

• 3-oxyestratriene-1,3,5(10)-one-17
• Characters. White crystalline powder.
  Practically insoluble in water, soluble in
  ethanol and ether, easily soluble in chloroform.

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Identification of estrone

• Boscots reaction green fluorescence appears.
• Estrone solution in conc. H2SO4 ). has
  golden-yellow color with intense green
  fluorescence (steroid cycle).
• At the interaction with NH2OHHCl oxime
  precipitate falls (with melting point 228-233º?).
  
• At the interaction with ? diazoreagent formation
  of azo-dye is observed (reaction on phenolic
  hydroxyl).
• At the action of C6H5COCl phenolic hydroxyl
  esterificates and formed ester has melting
  temperature of 220º?.
• Activity of estrone determined biologically
  (evocation of oestrus) in neutered female mice
  and rats. In 1 mg are 10000 UA.

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Assay of estrone

• Polarimetry (solution of the drug in dioxane).
• Photocolorimetry (by the reaction of azo-dye
  formation).
• Storage and application
• In tightly corked container, protected from light
  action.
• Enter by the i/m way in the form of oil solutions
  at the low ovarian function (primary and
  secondary amenorrhea), infertility, cancer and
  underdevelopment of secondary sexual
  characteristics, overterm pregnancy, the surgical
  removal of ovaries.
• Issue amp. by 1 ml of 0,05 or 0,1 oil
  solution.

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Estradiol dipropionate (Oestradioli
dipropionas)

• 3,17-dipropioneoxyestratriene-1,3,5(10)
• Characters. White crystalline powder.
  Practically insoluble in water, very little
  soluble in ethanol and oils.

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Identification of estradiol dipropionate

1. IR- and UV-Spactroscopy.
2. At the Boscots reaction green fluorescence
   appears.
3. At the heating with conc. H2SO4 there is a brown
   coloration, which by dilution with water and
   heated changes to pink.
4. On esteric groups conducted hydroxamic reaction
   (look testosterone propionate).
5. At the hydrolysis by ??? in ethanol estradiol
   forms, which falls in the form of precipitate at
   the dilution with water and acidification by ??l.
   Melting temperature of estradoil is 177 º?.
6. Propanoic acid, which formed after the acidic
   hydrolysis, can be identified by the reaction
   with ethanol - ester formed, which has a
   characteristic odor.

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Assay of estradoil dipropionate

• Alkalimetry, the reverse titration. Substance
  is hydrolyzed alcohol by the alcoholic solution
  of potassium hydroxide, an excess of which is
  titrated by hydrochloric acid solution by
  phenolphthalein, ?? ½ ?.m.

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• Storage and application
• In tightly corked container, protected from light
  action.
• In two times more active than estrone, has a
  strong and prolonged effect, apply in those
  cases, as estrone. Enter by i/m way by 1 ml of
  0,1 solution in oil every 1-2 days.
• Estradiol is a part of the following
  preparationsEstramone (transderm. plaster, 4 mg
  20 cm2 ?6) Estrogel (gel for the local usage
  0,6 mg/g 80 g) Estrimax (tabl. 2 mg ?28).
• Complex preparations Pausogest (estradiol
  hemihydrate and norethisterone acetate)
  Climodiene (estardiol valerate and dienogest).
• Estriol is a part of Ovestine (tabl., vag.
  cream, vag. suppos.).

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Ethinylestradiol (Aethinyloestradiolum)
Ethynilestradiol

• 17a-ethinylestratriene-1,3,5(10)-diol-3,17ß
• Characters. White or creamy white fine
  crystaline powder, odorless. Practically
  insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alkali,
  soluble in alcohol, chloroform, soluble in
  acetone, ether and dioxane.

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Identification of ethinylestradiol

• IR- and UV-spectroscopy, TLC
• To detect ethynil group substance is dissolved in
  H2SO4, add FeNH4(SO4)2 solution reddish-brown
  precipitate falls after the dilution with water
  pink-red sediment falls.
• At the Boscots reaction orange fluorescence
  appears, in 50-100 times stronger than estrone
  fluorescence.
• At the action of conc. H2SO4 orange-red color
  forms with yellow-green fluorescence .
• At the interaction with benzoyl chloride
  ethinylestradiol-3-benzoate forms with melting
  temperature of 199-202º? (phenolic hydroxyl).

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Assay of ethinylestradiol

• Alkalimetry by the substituent(look pregnine).
• Spectrophotometry or photocolorimetry by the
  formation of bis-diazocompound in alkaline medium
  at the interaction with diazoreagent
• Ethinylestradiol is stored in tightly corked
  container in a dark place.

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Application of ethinylestradiol

• Ethinylestradiol - one of the most active
  estrogenic agents. Introduction of ethinyl
  residue to the estradiol molecule increases
  stability and activity, that is why
  ethinylestradiol is taking internally.
• Apply at the hypogenitalizm (primary amenorrhea,
  underdevelopment of the uterus), ovarian
  hypofunction and secondary amenorrhea by 0,05-0,1
  mg for elimination of neuro-vascular disorders
  of estrogenic insufficiency receiving by
  0,01-0,02 mg per day to treat cancer prostate
  and breast cancer in women over 60 years - to 3
  mg per day over a long time. In the treatment of
  prostate cancer in men may be feminization.
• Issue tabl. by 0,01 and 0,05 mg under the
  Microfolin and Esterlan.
• Is a part of oral contraceptive preparations.

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Synthetic steroidal structure estrogens

• Substances that have estrogenic activity, were
  found not only among the steroid, but in some
  aromatic compounds. Admitting that the effect of
  estrogen depends on the presence of aromatic
  nuclei in the molecule.
• Important role belongs to hydroxyl and
  keto-groupsgroups that can form hydrogen bonds
  and interact with proteins in the body.
• For the detection of estrogenic action is
  important the distance between the functional
  groups. It is determined that the distance
  between the hydroxyl groups (in position 3 and
  17) in estradiol is 1,1 nm, in meso-form of
  synestrol 1,2 nm, in the trans-isomer of
  diethylstilbestrol 1,22 nm. At the same
  cis-isomer of diethylstilbestrol, in which the
  distance between the hydroxyls is 0,75 nm, is
  physiologically inactive.
• The formation of ethers and esters do not reduce
  estrogen activity, but increases the period of
  action.

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Synestrol (Synoestrolum)Hexestrol

• Meso-3,4-di-(p-oxyphenyl)-hexane
• Characters. White crystalline powder, can
  have a yellowish tint, odorless. Practically
  insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol,
  chloroform, vegetable oils, alkali solutions.
• Estrogenic activity of synestrol is equal to
  estrone activity. Is used for the treatment of
  those diseases as estrone.
• Issue tabl. by 1 mg amp by 1 ml of 0,1
  and 2 oil solutions.

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Diethylstilbestrol (Diaethylstilboestrolum)

• Trans-3,4-di-(p-oxyphenyl)-hexene-3
• Characters. White crystalline powder,
  odorless.
• Practically insoluble in water, soluble
  in ethanol, ether, vegetable oils, alkali
  solutions.
• Two times more active than estrone, but due
  to the side effect it is used only for the
  treatment of breast cancer in women older than 60
  years.
• Issue amp. 3 oil solutions by 1 ml.

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Identification of synestrol and
diethylstilbestrol

1. At the interaction of synestrol chloroform
   solution with conc. H2SO4 (In the presence of
   formalin) chloroform layer is painted in a
   cherry-red color (phenyl radicals).
   Diethylstilbestrol solution in conc. H2SO4 has
   the orange color, which gradually disappears
   after the dilution with water.
2. When you add bromine water solution to synestrol
   in conc. ??3???? yellow precipitate forms.
   Diethylstilbestrol with bromine water in the
   presence of liquid phenol at the heating forms
   the emerald-green color, after adding of few
   pieces of sugar and heating coloration turns
   into dark blue, and cherry-brownish.
3. At the adding of to the synestrol chloroform
   layer FeCl3 solution and pyridine there is a
   blue coloration, which by the adding of pyridine
   in excess turns green. Alcohol solutions of
   diethylstilbestrol colored in green, which
   gradually turns into yellow (phenolic hydroxyl).
4. At the interaction of drugs with (??3??)2? or
   ?6?5???l diacetates (dibenzoates) form, which
   have characteristic temperature of melting.

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Assay of synestrol and diethylstilbestrol

• Method of acylation. Based on the obtaining of
  esters (diacetyl derivatives) by heating with
  acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine.
  Excess of (??3??)2? is transformed to ??3???? and
  titrate acid by NaOH solution, indicator -
  phenolphthalein, ?m ½ ?.m. In parallel control
  experiment is conducted

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• Assay of synestrol in oil solution is conducted
  solution after the extraction by aqueous solution
  of sodium hydroxide by the reverse bromatometry
  method with control experiment, ?m 1/8 ?.m.

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• Synestrol and diethylstilbestrol can be
  determined by photometric method by the reaction
  of azoconnection with diazotated sulfanilic acid
• Storage of synestrol and siethylstilbestrol
• In tightly corked container, protected from light
  action.

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Prostaglandins

• Prostaglandins - biologically active substances
  that are contained in various organs and tissues
  (blood, lung, kidney, intestine, uterus, etc.).
  They are a sort of intracellular hormones that
  have influence on many body functions . Produced
  in the body in very small quantities (about 100
  micrograms per day). Most accumulate in the
  seminal fluid.
• The first data was in 1913, when from the male
  prostate extract was isolated, which puts down AP
  in dogs .
• Discoverer of prostaglandins is the Euler
  (Sweden), who investigated these matters since
  1934 year. He proposed the term "prostaglandins"
  that is from the Latin name of the prostate gland
  (Glandula prostata).
• Like vitamins, prostaglandins are divided into
  groups with similar chemical structure. Each one
  has a Latin index E, F, A, B (abbreviated writing
  PGE, PGF, PGA, PGB).

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• Prostaglandins - a compounds without azot, in the
  base of its structure is prostanoic acid
• Individual prostaglandins
• distinguish by the number and
• placing of radicals (Hydroxyl,
• carboxyl) and double bonds
• in the molecule.
• Extraction of prostaglandins
• Extraction from animal sources (semen body
  fluids, animal tissue, etc.). The method is
  laborious, long and expensive.
• Biosynthesis of precursors - polyunsaturated
  fatty acids in the presence of appropriate
  enzymes. Almost biosynthesis is conducted by
  incubation of unsaturated fatty acids from
  homogenate tissues of cattle (mostly seminal
  glands).
• Synthetic methods for prostaglandins extraction
  include up to 29 stages. It is difficult to
  provide the necessary isomers that have
  biological activity.

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• Characters
• Selected as individual compounds prostaglandins -
  a white crystalline substances which are easily
  dissolved in organic solvents.
• To study the chemical structure of prostaglandins
  UV, IR, NMR spectroscopy, mass-spectrometry,
  X-ray analysis are used.
• Identification
• For the analysis of prostaglandins are widely
  used various types of chromatography column,
  paper, thin layer, gas-liquid (GLC) and others.
  Especially effective for the quantitative
  analysis is combination of GLH and
  mass-spectrometry that allows to detect 9-10 g
  of prostaglandins.
• For quantitative determination UV-spectrophotometr
  y are used.
• To evaluate the physiological activity and the
  content of prostaglandins in the tissues
  biological methods are used, which are based on
  their ability to affect on the smooth muscles
  (stomach, intestine, uterus), blood pressure and
  other functions. Use also enzymatic and
  radioimmunological methods of analysis.

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Usage of prostaglandins

• Prostaglandins affect on the contractile activity
  of smooth muscle, functions of the nervous and
  cardiovascular systems, blood circulation,
  support the tone of urinary tract and bladder,
  and exhibit bronholitic bronhodilatation action,
  involved in the inflammation processes.
• The most active groups of prostaglandins are E, F
  and A. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 affect on the
  function of the bronchi PGE inhibits the
  secretion of gastric juice PGE and PHF cause
  reduction of uterine muscle PGA1 and PGA2 during
  the action on blood vessels, make lower a blood
  pressure .
• Various pharmacological activity of
  prostaglandins hampering their practical
  application in medicine, so it is nessesary to
  search their synthetic analogs, which are
  available obtained and are selectively derived on
  the specific systems and functions.
• Obtained in the present analogs contain in the
  molecule structure cyclopentane nucleus and are
  7-oxyanalogs, 15-ketoanalogs, contain esteric
  group at the positions 1 and 15. Some analogues
  contain instead of cyclopentane other cycles, and
  shortened or elongated alkyl chains.

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Thank you for attention!