Diapositive 1

1
CRISES OF THE COLD WAR
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The Berlin blockadeJune 1948-May 1949
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THE SITUATION OF GERMANY IN 1945
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How did it start?

• Early in 1948, The British, the French and the
  Americans were merged to form a singled economic
  unit in unifying their zones and introducing a
  new currency.

Stalin feared the gap between the  poor  German
Soviet zone and the  rich  German Capitalist
zone would widen
5 German Deutsche Mark
He closed all roads, canals, and rail links to
Berlin to reduce the city to a STARVATION POINT
BERLIN BLOCKADE
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THE BLOCKADE

• 6 weeks (left of food fuel supplies)

• 2,000,000 inhabitants (living in West Berlin)

TRIZONE
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How did Truman react?

• 28June 1948- May 1949 Anglo-US airlift flew
  12,000 tons of supplies to Berlin every day
• Truman ordered B-29 long-range nuclear bombers to
  be stationed in GB

Coal being unloaded from a plane at Berlin
airport, 1948
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-4,000 tons of fuel (needed per day) -3 air
corridors (official flight paths into West
Berlin) -8,000 tons a day (flown in per day by
1949) -79 (GB/US pilots died in accidents)
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What were the long-term consequences?

• 1st major conflict of Cold War
• 1949, Western allies created the Federal
  Republic of West Germany and the Soviets replied
  by creating the German Democratic Republic
• 1949, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
  was founded
• Stalin turned to Asia The Korean War began in
  1950.
• When It became known in September 49 that the
  Russian had exploded their first A bomb an arm
  race started. Truman responded by creating a
  hydrogen bomb.

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1-Present the document and its context referring
to the lecture above. 2-Who is the man
caricatured in that cartoon. Depict the situation
hes involved in. Use the vocabulary
below Storks-Blunderbuss- chimney-Beak. 3- What
do storks symbolise? 4-Why is Stalin carrying a
blunderbuss? What does the author want to
suggest? 5-What was the OUTCOME of the crisis?
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The Berlin wall crisisAugust 1961
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SITUATION OF BERLIN IN 1961

• Background
• East West rivalry
• Berlin divided contrast the two halves.

WEST Prosperous, helped by US, attracted people
from the East.
EAST Much less prosperous and under Communist
control
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Focus on refugees from East Germany or East
Berlin to West
THE SITUATION IN 1961
On top of that East and West had different
expectations regarding Berlin

• 1949-129,245
• 1953- 331,390
• 1955- 252,870
• 1961- 207,026
• 1962- 21,356
• 1963- 42,632

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What they wanted

• The West
• Prevent USSR from gaining control of East Germany
• To see a united, democratic Germany

• The East
• Maintain control over East Germany
• Make the West recognise it as an independent
  state
• Stop the flood of refugees especially the skilled
  and professional ones much needed in East
  Germany

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Vienna Summit June 1961
Khrushchev Demanded withdrawal of Western forces
from West Berlin Demanded Berlin was made as
capital of East Germany
Kennedy Refused Demanded Berlin was made into an
international city under the UNOs control
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CONSEQUENCES

• 13-22 August Khrushchev and East German
  government ordered barbed wire barrier across
  Berlin, followed by a wall of concrete blocks
• All of West Berlin encircled apart from access
  points

Berlin was divided, free access ended between
East and West, many families split, many
attempted to escape to the West-between 1961 and
1989, 86 people died trying to cross the Berlin
Wall (last Chris Gueffroy on the 2nd June, 1989 )
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What did the Berlin Wall look like?

• The wall was 166 km long, 3.65m. tall long cut
  through 192 streets
• Made of concrete modules 1.2m wide

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IN 1963
President Kennedy arrived in Berlin on June 26,
1963, following appearances in Bonn, Cologne and
Frankfurt, where he had given speeches to huge
crowds.
In Berlin, an immense crowd gathered near the
Berlin Wall to listen to the President who
delivered this memorable speech now famous
ending.
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• I am proud to come to this city as the guest of
  your distinguished Mayor, who has symbolized
  throughout the world the fighting spirit of West
  Berlin. And I am proud to visit the Federal
  Republic with your distinguished Chancellor who
  for so many years has committed Germany to
  democracy and freedom and progress, and to come
  here in the company of my fellow American,
  General Clay, who has been in this city during
  its great moments of crisis and will come again
  if ever needed.
• Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was
  "civis Romanus sum." Today, in the world of
  freedom, the proudest boast is "Ich bin ein
  Berliner."
• I appreciate my interpreter translating my
  German!
• There are many people in the world who really
  don't understand, or say they don't, what is the
  great issue between the free world and the
  Communist world. Let them come to Berlin. There
  are some who say that communism is the wave of
  the future. Let them come to Berlin. And there
  are some who say in Europe and elsewhere we can
  work with the Communists. Let them come to
  Berlin. And there are even a few who say that it
  is true that communism is an evil system, but it
  permits us to make economic progress. Lass' sie
  nach Berlin kommen. Let them come to Berlin.
• Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is
  not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall
  up to keep our people in, to prevent them from
  leaving us. I want to say, on behalf of my
  countrymen, who live many miles away on the other
  side of the Atlantic, who are far distant from
  you, that they take the greatest pride that they
  have been able to share with you, even from a
  distance, the story of the last 18 years. I know
  of no town, no city, that has been besieged for
  18 years that still lives with the vitality and
  the force, and the hope and the determination of
  the city of West Berlin. While the wall is the
  most obvious and vivid demonstration of the
  failures of the Communist system, for all the
  world to see, we take no satisfaction in it, for
  it is, as your Mayor has said, an offense not
  only against history but an offense against
  humanity, separating families, dividing husbands
  and wives and brothers and sisters, and dividing
  a people who wish to be joined together.
• What is true of this city is true of
  Germany--real, lasting peace in Europe can never
  be assured as long as one German out of four is
  denied the elementary right of free men, and that
  is to make a free choice. In 18 years of peace
  and good faith, this generation of Germans has
  earned the right to be free, including the right
  to unite their families and their nation in
  lasting peace, with good will to all people. You
  live in a defended island of freedom, but your
  life is part of the main. So let me ask you as I
  close, to lift your eyes beyond the dangers of
  today, to the hopes of tomorrow, beyond the
  freedom merely of this city of Berlin, or your
  country of Germany, to the advance of freedom
  everywhere, beyond the wall to the day of peace
  with justice, beyond yourselves and ourselves to
  all mankind.
• Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is
  enslaved, all are not free. When all are free,
  then we can look forward to that day when this
  city will be joined as one and this country and
  this great Continent of Europe in a peaceful and
  hopeful globe. When that day finally comes, as it
  will, the people of West Berlin can take sober
  satisfaction in the fact that they were in the
  front lines for almost two decades.
• All free men, wherever they may live, are
  citizens of Berlin, and, therefore, as a free
  man, I take pride in the words "Ich bin ein
  Berliner."
• President John F. Kennedy - June 26, 1963

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• http//millercenter.virginia.edu/scripps/digitalar
  chive/speechDetail/27
• http//www.berlinwall.net/ buy a piece of it !!!
• http//www.historyplace.com/speeches/jfk-berliner.
  htm

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Leslie Illingworth/ WELSH CARTOONIST 22 August
1962
QUESTIONS 1- Identify the document 2- Whats the
message conveyed here?
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The Hungarian uprising
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Causes of uprising
October23rd 1956 revolt in Poland led to
concessions to Poles- Wladislas Gomulka
1953 Death of Stalin rise of moderniser, Nikita
Khrushchev

• The thaw -XXth congress CPSU

Desire for more economic political freedom
Resentment at presence of Russian troops (paid
for by Hungarians) influence of Russian culture
govt. on Hungarian life ( Learn Russian)
Fifteen-year-old Hungarian rebel.
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START
Hard-line Communist leader of Hungary Matyas
Rakosi ordered to retire for health reasons by
Kremlin replaced by Erno Gero.
On the afternoon of October 23, 1956,
approximately 20,000 protesters convened next to
the Bem statue in Budapest asking
Imry Nagy appointed Prime minister Oct 25th he
called to form aa neutral, multiparty social
democracy
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CONSEQUENCES

• Hungarian soldiers in Red Army defected
• Hungarians created own local councils instead of
  Communist soviets
• Censorship ended
• Nagy proposed withdrawal from Warsaw Pact
  democratic elections

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THE SOVIET REPLY

• 4 November 1956, Red Army came
• 30,000 Hungarians killed 200,000 fled to West
• Nagy arrested executed (Nagy was secretly
  tried, found guilty, sentenced to death and
  executed by hanging in June, 1958 )
• Reforms reversed
• Hard-line govt. under Janos Kadar re-established

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• Soviet version of events published in the Pravda
  in November 56
• on October 23, the "honest" socialist Hungarians
  demonstrated against mistakes made by the Rákosi
  and Gero governments
• fascist, Hitlerite, reactionary,
  counter-revolutionary hooligans financed by the
  imperialist west took advantage of the unrest to
  stage a counter-revolution
• the honest Hungarian people under Nagy appealed
  to Soviet (Warsaw Pact) forces stationed in
  Hungary to assist in restoring order
• the Nagy government was ineffective
• Hungarian patriots under Kádár broke with the
  Nagy government and formed a government of honest
  Hungarian revolutionary workers and peasants and
  smashed the counter-revolution

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THE AFTERMATH
In Hungary -200,000 Hungarians fled
Hungary -26,000 were put on trial by the Kádár
government, 13,000 were imprisoned. and 350
were executed -2500 à 3000 deaths 13000 wounded
International -At the Melbourne Olympics in 1956,
the Soviet handling of the Hungarian uprising led
to a boycott by Spain, the Netherlands and
Switzerland (  blood in the water match water
polo ).
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• QUESTIONS
• 1-Introduce the document
• -Comment on the satisfied customers
• -Why is Poland referred to in this cartoon?
• -What was the outcome of this crisis?
• -Is this document biased?

Leslie Illigworth( welsh cartoonist). October 1956
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THE CUBAN CRISIS1962
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WHAT HAPPENED?
Cuba, small island, 160 km from coast of Florida
1959, Fidel Castro overthrows Battista (US-backed
dictator), and establish a Communist government.
US ally, US businesses US military base
(Guantanamo) Domino theory
Castro takes over US businesses
Autumn 1962, Cuba has received 1000s of USSR
missiles and some launchers were set
AMERICAN REPLY
April, 1961, Bay of Pigs 1,400 anti-Cuban
exiles attempted to overthrow Castro
January 1961, US breaks off diplomatic relations
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Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba?

• Cuba was a new Communist state and an open door
  to South America
• Cuba provided a launch base for USSR
  inter-continental missiles (ICMs)
• Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US
  president, JFK
• Khrushchev wanted to force JFK into
  bargaining/negotiating over US missiles in
  Europe (Turkey )

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What happened during the October Crisis?
                                                
                                                  
                      

• 14 October 1962, US U2 spy plane took photos of
  suspected USSR missile sites on Cuba
• US spy planes identified 20 Soviet ships bound
  for Cuba carrying missiles

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THE AMERICAN REACTION

• 20 October, Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba

22 October, Kennedy publicly called on Khrushchev
to remove weapons
23 October Khrushchev refused to acknowledge
blockade or presence of Soviet missiles on Cuba
27 October, US U2 plane shot down over Cuba
pilot killed.
THE WORLD WAS ON THE VERGE OF A NUCLEAR WAR
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HOW WAS THE WAR AVOIDED?

• 26 October, Kennedy received a letter from
  Khrushchev offering to negotiate over missiles in
  Cuba with removal of blockade and US invasion
  threat
• 27 October, Kennedy received second letter
  calling for withdrawal of US missiles in Turkey
  too
• 28 October, Khrushchev agreed to dismantle Soviet
  missiles in Cuba

THE CRISIS WAS OVER
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What was the outcome of the crisis?
Cuba remained Communist heavily armed (without
nuclear missiles)
Helped renew the thaw world saw the futility of
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction )
Permanent hotline between White House Kremlin
set up
Peaceful co-existence
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(No Transcript)