Chapter 16: Social Behavior AP Psychology 4.7.11

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Chapter 16 Social BehaviorAP Psychology4.7.11
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• If you could do anything humanly possible with
  complete assurance that you would not be detected
  or held responsible, what would you do?
• Answer with complete anonymity. Change your
  handwriting (write with your non-dominant hand?),
  and do not write your name on this.
• I am collecting this!!!

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• Homework 633 642, take notes. You may not
  use a computer tomorrow.

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Social Psychology

• How are thoughts, feelings and behaviors
  influenced by others?
• Person perception
• Attribution processes
• Interpersonal attraction
• Attitudes
• Conformity and obedience
• Behavior in groups

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Person PerceptionForming Impressions of Others

• Effects of physical appearance - People tend to
  attribute desirable characteristics to those who
  are good looking. Also, facial features that are
  similar to infant features influence perceptions
  of honesty (baby-faced people being viewed as
  more honest).
• Cognitive schemas - ideas about categories of
  social events and people
• Stereotypes - Social schemas that lead people to
  expect that others will have certain
  characteristics because of their membership in a
  specific group
• Prejudice (attitude) and discrimination (actions)
• Subjectivity in person perception people see
  what they expect to see and overestimate how
  often they see it (illusory correlation).
• Evolutionary perspectives are biases adaptive?

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Figure 16.1 Examples of social schemas
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Quiz

1. List three different factors that influence a
   persons perception of others.
2. How does illusory correlation represent
   subjectivity in person perception?
3. What is the spotlight effect?
4. Define attribution.
5. Give an example of the fundamental attribution
   error.
6. Explain defensive attribution.
7. How do individualism and collectivism represent
   western versus nonwestern attributional
   tendencies?

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Homework

• 642 656, Relationships
• Take notes
• I put a link on the bpi website that brings you
  to AP Centrals website. There are 20 multiple
  choice example ?s with answers. Do them and
  check yourself.

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• Issues in social psych what do you want to know
  about human behavior?

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Attribution Processes Explaining Behavior

• Attributions
• Internal (behavior determined by personal
  dispositions) vs. External (behavior caused by
  situation or environment)
• Kelleys covariation model people blame
  INTERNAL attribution for other peoples behavior,
  and EXTERNAL attribution for their own.

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• Biases in attributions
• Fundamental attribution error
• Defensive attribution blame the victim blame
  peoples misfortune on their inability to cope.
• Self-serving bias blame own misfortune on
  situation.
• Cultural influences
• Attribution errors are more common in Western
  cultures.

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Figure 16.4 An alternative view of the
fundamental attribution error
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Close Relationships Liking and Loving

• Key factors in attraction
• Physical attractiveness attraction, etc.
  Important in the beginning.
• Matching hypothesis people of equal
  attractiveness end up together.
• Similarity in attitude, age, race, religion,
  social class, personality, education,
  intelligence, attractiveness
• Reciprocity liking those that like you
• Romantic Ideals you idealize your partner

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AP Psychology

• 4.11.11

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Quiz

1. List and explain the four key factors in
   attraction.
2. Explain the Love as Attachment perspective on
   love.
3. How is physical attraction consistent with the
   evolutionary perspective?
4. What is mate poaching and why, according to the
   evolutionary perspective, does it happen?
5. List three source factors that influence the
   effectiveness of a persuasive source.
6. How might cognitive dissonance lead to a persons
   attitude change?

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Homework

• 656 666 and take notes
• Quiz tomorrow
• Test Friday

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Close Relationships Liking and Loving

• Perspectives on love
• Hatfield Berscheid Passionate vs.
  Companionate love
• Sternberg - Intimacy and commitment
• Hazen Shaver Love as attachment
• Evolutionary perspectives
• Mating priorities

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Figure 16.7 Infant attachment and romantic
relationships
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Attitudes and Attitude Change

• 3 components
• cognitive, affective, and behavioral
• Factors in changing attitudes
• source, message, and receiver
• Theories of attitude change
• Learning theory
• Dissonance theory
• Self-perception theory
• Elaboration likelihood model

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Figure 16.9 The possible components of attitudes
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Figure 16.10 Overview of the persuasion process
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Figure 16.12 Design of the Festinger and
Carlsmith (1959) study
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Figure 16.13 Bems self-perception theory
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Yielding to Others Conformity

• Conformity Solomon Asch (1950s)
• Classic experiment
• Group size
• Group unanimity

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Behavior in GroupsThe Influence of Other People

• The bystander effect - Darley and Latane (1968)
• Diffusion of responsibility
• Group productivity (declines as the group gets
  bigger) and social loafing (the bigger the group,
  the more likely you are to slack)
• Decision making in groups
• Polarization the more you discuss the dominant
  view, the stronger the groups position becomes.
• Groupthink members sacrifice critical thinking
  to just reach a decision.

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Bystander Non-intervention
Kitty Genovese 1964 38 witnesses and none helped
or called the police Why? diffusion of
responsibility audience inhibition pluralistic
ignorance
percent attempting to help
number of others
(Darley Latane, 1968)
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Yielding to Others Obedience

• Obedience Stanley Milgram (1960s)
• Controversial landmark experiment
• I was just following orders
• presence of a dissenter

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Milgrams Obedience Studies
Original study 63 shocked innocent learner to
maximum level!
Vary the situation who shock to max.
Force learners hand onto shock machine 30
Other teachers who refuse 10
Subject chooses level of shock 3
The ordinary person who shocked the victim did
so out of a sense of obligation -- an impression
of his duties as a subject -- and not from any
peculiarly aggressive tendencies. (Milgram,
1974)
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Figure 16.18 The effect of loss of coordination
and social loafing on group productivity
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Figure 16.21 The three potential components of
prejudice as an attitude
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Figure 16.22 Relationship between prejudice and
discrimination
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Figure 16.23 Bias in the attributions used to
explain success and failure by men and women