Global Perspectives on Violence, Injury, and Occupational Health

1
CHAPTER 12

• Global Perspectives on Violence, Injury, and
  Occupational Health
• By Carol Holtz

2
VIOLENCE Defined as the intentional use of
physical force or power, threatened or actual,
against oneself, another person or against a
group or community that either results in or has
a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation
3

• Violence is a world health issue that includes
• Child abuse and neglect by caregivers
• Violence by youth
• Intimate partner violence
• Sexual violence
• Elder abuse
• Self-inflicted violence
• Collective violence
• War
• Terrorism

4

• Worldwide an average of 4,500 people die a
  violent death every day
• 1.2 million violent deaths occurred
• Half of them were from suicide
• One third were from homicide
• One fifth were from war-related injuries
• 30-60 of all hospital emergency visits are the
  result of violence of some kind
• Alcohol Consumption

5

• Death by Suicide
• Deaths related to firearms
• 50 rate of children who have been hit, kicked or
  beaten by their parents
• Violence related to war
• Violence within cultural practices

6

• FOUR STEPS TO PREVENT VIOLENCE
• Define the violence problem through systematic
  data collection
• Conduct research to find out why it occurs and
  who it affects
• Find out what works to prevent violence by
  designing, implementing, and evaluation
  interventions
• Promote effective and promising interventions in
  a wide range of settings and evaluate their
  impact and cost effectiveness

7
HOMICIDE RATES PER STATE, 1999
8

• Close relationships with others also influence
  the possibility of becoming a victim or
  perpetrator such as when the following occur
• Poor parenting practices
• Marital discord and having friends who engage in
  violence
• Social, economic, and gender inequalities
• Weak economic safety nets
• Poor law enforcement
• Cultural norms about violence also determine
  violent situations

9

• Sexual Violence
• Sexual violence occurs in all cultures and in
  every part of the world
• 20 of all women experienced an attempted or
  completed rape by an intimate partner
• One third have experienced rape as their first
  sexual experience
• More than 50 of all rapes occur in women before
  age 18
• 22 before age 12
• In 80 of all rape cases the victim knew the
  perpetrator

10

• Sexual Violence has a significant effect on the
  health of the population
• Depression
• Unwanted pregnancy
• Sexually transmitted diseases
• HIV/AIDS
• Risk of development of high-risk sexual behaviors
  through sexual promiscuity
• Post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD)
• Suicide

11

• Intimate Partner Violence
• 60 higher rate of health problems to include
• Chronic pain
• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Reproductive health problems
• Sexually transmitted diseases
• Anxiety
• Low self-esteem
• Abuse alcohol
• Suicide attempts

12

• Characteristics of perpetrators of intimate
  partner violence include
• Young age
• Low self-esteem
• Low academic achievement
• Alcohol or drug use
• Witnessing violence as a child

13

• The relationships of the perpetrators and the
  victims often consisted of the following
• Marital conflict
• Marital instability
• Male dominance in the family
• Poor family functioning
• Emotional dependence and insecurity
• Belief in strict gender roles
• Desire for power and control of a relationship
• Exhibiting anger and hostility toward the partner

14

• School Violence
• Violence and War
• Bioterrorism
• Model State Emergency Health Powers Act
• Preparedness
• Surveillance
• Management of property
• Protection of persons
• Communication

15

• INJURY
• Injuries cause about 10 of all deaths worldwide
  with
• Traffic accidents
• Self-inflicted injuries
• Violence
• War
• Infectious disease
• Pollution
• Malnutrition
• The World Bank and the World Health Organization

16

• Worldwide, falls are the leading health injury
  problems in children 5-14 years
• For ages 15-29 years
• Road traffic accidents
• Self-inflicted injuries
• Interpersonal violence
• War injuries
• Drowning
• Poisonings
• Fire exposures

17

• National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
• Older Adults
• Elder abuse and maltreatment
• Falls
• Traffic accidents with injuries
• Residential fire injuries
• Sexual abuse
• Suicide
• Traumatic brain injury

18

• Road Traffic Injuries
• Teens are more likely than older drivers to do
  the following
• Underestimate the dangers in hazardous situations
• Have less experience coping with difficult
  driving situations
• Speed
• Run red lights
• Make illegal turns
• Ride with an intoxicated driver
• Drive while using alcohol and drugs
• Not use a seat belt

19

• Other Injuries include
• Alcohol
• Burns
• Drowning

20

• OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
• Occupational illness may consist of any of the
  following
• Skin diseases or disorders
• Contact dermatitis
• Eczema
• Rash
• Ulcers
• Chemical burns
• Inflammations

21

• Respiratory problems
• Pheumonitis
• Pharyngitis
• Rhinitis
• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Occupational asthma
• Toxic inhalation injury
• Chronic bronchitis

22

• Poisoning
• Lead
• Mercury
• Arsenic
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Other gases

23

• The US Occupational Safety and Health
  Administration (OSHA) standards
• Provide well-maintained tools and equipment
• Provide medical examinations
• Provide training by OSHA standards
• Report accidents or fatalities within 8 hours
• Keep records of work-related accidents, injuries
  or illnesses

24

• The US Occupational Safety and Health
  Administration (OSHA) standards
• Post prominently employee rights and
  responsibilities
• Provide employee access to their medical and
  exposure records
• Do not discriminate against employees who
  exercise their rights under the OSHA Act
• Post citations and violations at or near the
  worksite
• Respond to survey request

25

• Safety of Healthcare Providers
• Hypodermic needles
• Suture needles
• Winged steel needles (butterflies)
• Scalpel blades
• IV and catheter needles
• Phlebotomy needles
• The most common circumstances that cause injuries
  involve hollow bore needles, which can be filled
  with blood

26

• Job Stress
• Factors that lead to stress on the job include
• Heavy workloads
• Infrequent rest breaks
• Long working hours
• Shift work
• Routine tasks that have little inherent meaning

27

• Job Stress
• Factors that lead to stress on the job include
• Getting little or no participation in decision
  making
• Poor communication in the organization
• Insensitivity to family needs
• Conflicting or uncertain job expectations
• Too much responsibility
• Job insecurity
• Unpleasant or dangerous physical conditions

28
NIOSH MODEL OF JOB STRESS
29

• An increase in job stress may result in an
  increase in risk for any of the following
• Cardiovascular disease
• Musculoskeletal disorders
• Psychological disorders
• Workplace injuries
• Suicide
• Cancer
• Ulcers
• Impaired immune function

30

• Reproductive Health
• Occupational Lung Disease
• Occupational lung cancer
• Occupational asthma
• Asbestosis
• Black lung disease
• Brown lung disease
• Silicosis
• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

31

• Highway Work Zones safety practices
• Dedicate full attention to the roadway
• Disengage from distracting activities
• Pay close attention to merge signs and flaggers
• Watch out not only for workers but also
  equipment
• Turn on vehicle headlights
• Agricultural Safety
• Machinery injuries
• Nonmachinery injuries