The High Middle Ages

1
Chapter 9

• The High Middle Ages

2
Section One
Growth of Royal Power
In England France
3
Monarchs, Nobles
the Church
4

• Feudal monarchs in Europe stood at the head of
  the monarch, but had little power
• Nobles and the Church have as much as or more
  power than the Monarch
• Both Nobles and the Church had their own courts

5
Monarchs centralized power

• Expanded the royal domain and set up a system of
  royal justice that determined feudal or church
  courts

• Organized a government bureaucracy, developed a
  system of taxes and built a standing army

6
Strong Monarchs in England

• Duke William of Normandy
• Raised an army and won the support of the pope
• Won victory at the Battle of Hastings, resulting
  as the King of England
• Created the Domesday Book, which listed every
  castle, field, and pigpen in England

7
King Henry II

• Energetic well-educated inherited the throne
• Broadens the system of royal justice
• Found ways to enforce customs into laws
• Created common law, a legal system based on
  custom court rulings
• Founded an early jury system

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Conflicts with the Church

• Henry tried to claimed the right to try clergy in
  royal courts
• Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury opposed
  of this
• Conflict went on for years
• King Henry II was furious and the knights took
  his words and killed him.

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Evolving Traditions of English Government

• John was a clever, greedy, cruel and
  untrustworthy ruler.
• During his reign, he had three powerful enemies
  
• King Philip II of France
• Pope Innocent II
• English Nobles
• John lost war with Philip II and had to give up
  land

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The Magna Carta

• John angered his own nobles with oppressive taxes
  and abuses of power
• As a result, in 1215, a group of rebellious
  carons conrnered John and forced him to sign
  Magna Carta
• Affirmed a long list of feudal rights
• Protecting every freeman from arbitrary, arrest,
  imprisonment and other legal actions

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Development of Parliament

• By keeping the Magna Carta, English rulers often
  has meetings with the Great Council for advice.
• The Great Council evolved into Parliament
• It help unified England
• Set up framework for Englands legislature

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Successful Monarchs in France
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• The Capetians
• Built an effective bureaucracy supported the
  Church
• Philip Augustus
• Outstanding French King
• Bald, Red-faced man who ate and drink too much
• Strengthened royal government
• Most powerful ruler in Europe

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• The Estates General
• Rallied French support
• Includes clergy, nobles, townspeople
• Philip IV
• Louiss grandson did little to help extend royal
  power
• Tried to collect new taxes to raise cash
• Louis IX
• Both King and Saint
• Devoted, generous, noble
• Most admired French ruler
• Did much to improve the royal government

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The Holy Roman Empire of the Church

• By Ariel Matos
• Group 5
• Section 2

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The Holy Roman Empire

• Charlemagne had brought much of present-day
  France and Germany under his rule.
• In 936, Otto I of Saxony took the title King Of
  Germany.
• In 962, a grateful pope crowned Otto empire.

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Conflict between Popes and Empires

• Pope Gregory VII
• Gregory was determined to make the Church
  independent of secular rulers. To do so he banned
  the practice of lay investiture.
• Only the pope, said Gregory, had the right to
  appoint and install bishops in office.

• Emperor Henry IV
• Pope Gregorys ban brought an angry response
  from the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV.
• German princes saw a chance to undermine Henry by
  supporting the pope.

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The Struggle for Italy

• During the 1100s and 1200s, ambitions German
  emperors sought to master Italy.
• The emperor Frederick I, called Barbarossa, or
  Red Beard, dreamed of building an empire from
  the Baltic to the Adriatic.
• Barbarossa did succeed, how ever, I arranging a
  marriage between his son Henry and Constance,
  heiress to Sicily and south Italy

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The Height of Church Power

• King John of England dared to appoint an
  archbishop of Canterbury without the popes
  approval, Innocent excommunicated the king and
  placed his kingdom under interdict.
• After Innocents death, popes continued to press
  their claim to supremacy. In 1296, Philip IV of
  France successfully challenged Pope Boniface VIII
  on the issue of taxing the clergy.

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Section 3

• Europeans Look Outward

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The World in 1050

• Islam had risen to a new civilization that
  stretched from Spain to India.
• Muslim traders spread goods and ideas further.
• The Chinese made new advances in technology, like
  inventing paper, printing, and gunpowder.
• The Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire in 1050
  they took over most of Byzantine land.

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The Crusades

• Alexius 1 asked Pope Urban 2 for Christian
  knights to help fight the Turks.
• Thousands of knights went to the Holy Land to
  fight in 1096.
• The first crusade was long and bloody, but
  Christian knights were able to capture Jerusalem.
• The crusades lasted for over 200 years.
• In the fourth crusade, Muslim crusaders captured
  the Byzantine capital of Constantinople and the
  last Christian post.

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Effects of the Crusades on Europe

• The crusades left a religious hatred after they
  were over.
• The trade increased because they could now ship
  goods over sea with large fleets used for the
  crusades.
• Peasants would now pay for rent because the money
  economy increased.
• However, the crusades did not end the schism
  between the Roman and Byzantine churches.

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The Reconquista in Spain

• Christians wanted to drive Muslims out of Spain
  this was called the Reconquista.
• Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon
  married in 1469.
• They were both from powerful kingdoms and their
  marriage opened a way for a unified state.
• The kingdoms pushed their way to the Muslim
  stronghold of Granada.
• Granada fell and the Reconquista was complete.
• Isabella ended religious toleration in Spain.
• She launched a crusade against the Jews and the
  Muslims to reach religious unity.
• She achieved it, but more than 150,000 people
  fled Spain.

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Chapter 9 Section 4

• Learning, Literature, and the Arts

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Vocab

• Scholasticism- School of thought that used logic
  and reason to support Christian belief
• Venacular- The everyday language of ordinary
  people
• Epic- Long narrative poem
• Flying Buttress- Stone support on the outside of
  a building that allowed builders to construct
  higher walls and leave space for large
  stained-glass windows
• Illumination- Artistic decoration in books

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Medieval Universities

• Academic Guilds- By the 1100s, schools had sprung
  up around the great cathedrals to train the
  clergy. They were organized like guilds with
  charters. Students often traveled from one
  university to another.
• Student Life- A bell wakened students at about 5
  A.M for prayers.
• Students sat for hours on hard benches as the
  teacher dictated and explained the Latin text.
• study covered arithmetic, geometry, astronomy,
  music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic.
• Women and education- Women were not allowed to
  attend the universities. Even after Christine de
  Pizan, men continued to look on educated women as
  oddities.

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New Learning

• Muslim scholars translated the works of Aristotle
  and other Greek thinkers into Arabic.
• Jewish scholars translated works into Latin.
• By the 1100s new translations were seeping into
  Western Europe.

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Science and Math

• Works of science, translated from Arabic and
  Greek, also reached Europe from Spain.
• Science made little real progress in the Middle
  Ages.
• Believed that all true knowledge must fit with
  Church teachings.
• Europeans adopted Hindu- Arabic numerals.

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Medieval Literature

• While Latin was the language of scholars and
  churchmen, new writings began to appear in the
  vernacular
• French pilgrims loved to hear the songs of
  heroic deeds
• Spains greatest epic is Poem of Sid, which
  involved the battle against Muslim forces.

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Architecture and Arts

• Romanesque churches were built with no windows or
  slits.
• Had thick walls and towers.
• Then builders developed the Gothic style of
  architecture, which included the fly buttress
• The Gothic style then applied to paintings and
  illumination.
• Skilled artisans had illumination books w/
  intricate design and mini paintings.

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The Black DeathSection 5

• Spread by fleas on rats.
• -One in three people died worse than in any war
  in history.
• -it killed 35million people.

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Divisions within the Catholic Church

• -Referring to the time when the Israelites were
  held captive in Babylon.
• --Not until 1417 did a Church council a Constance
  finally end the crisis.
• -In 1378,reformers elected their own pope to rule
  from Rome.

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Hundred Years War

• -Some effects were the war created a growing
  sense of national feeling in France and allowed
  French kings to expand their power.
• To hold onto the French lands of their Norman
  ancestors

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Joan of Arc

• -She persuaded the desperate French king to let
  her lead his army against the English.
• -She said that God had sent her to save France.