Part Two: In-Class Reading >> Global Reading

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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
Global Reading
Organization Analysis
Questions and Answers
Understanding Specific Information
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
Organization Analysis
Directions Work in pairs and complete the
outline with what you get from the passage. Part
of the outline has been done for you.
1) Introduction (Para. 1)
No characteristic is caused
exclusively by either environment or genes.
Topic
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
Organization Analysis
 2) Research on the relative effects of heredity
and environment. (Para. 2-8) A. Studies on
identical twins raised together (Para.
2) Findings They are remarkably alike in both
appearance and behavior. Implication Individuals
with the , when raised in the
, will respond to it in
much the same way. B. Studies on identical twins
raised apart in similar environments (Para. 3-4)
same genes
same environment
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
Organization Analysis
psychological
Findings They exhibited great
and
likenesses. Implication This does not inform us
of the power of genes and the limitation of the
effect of the environment. C. Studies on
identical twins raised apart in contrasting
environments (Para. 5-8) Findings of a case study
on Gladys and Helen Their similarities Their
, , , and
were very similar.
physical
hair color
weight
height
teeth
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
Organization Analysis
confident
Their differences in personality Helen was
, , made the most
of her , and
showed in
social relationships while Gladys was
, , and
without
. Implication Genes alone are never
absolutely responsible for any trait.   3)
Conclusion (Para. 9)
graceful
personal appearance
considerable polish and ease
shy
self-conscious
charming or graceful manners
quiet
What we can do is set by the genes, but what we
actually do is largely determined by the
environment.
Topic
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
Questions and Answers

1. Is there any characteristic caused exclusively by
   either environment or genes?

No, there isnt.
2) What are the findings of the studies on
identical twins raised apart in similar
environment?
The twins are psychologically and physically
similar to each other.
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
3) What are the findings of the studies on
identical twins raised apart in contrasting
environments?
They have similar physical traits but different
psychological traits.
4) What is more responsible for physical
appearance such as weight, height, hair color and
teeth?
Nature, that is, heredity.
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
5) What is more responsible for ones manners in
social lives?
Nurture, for example, ones education,
experiences and so on.
6) What does the example of Helen and Gladys tell
us?
Important as they are, genes alone are never
absolutely responsible for any trait. The social
environment people grow up in also plays a vital
role.
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
7) Heredity or environment, which is stronger in
making what one is?
Both are important. Its hard to justify which is
stronger.
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
Understanding Specific Information
Directions Decide whether each of the following
statements is true or false based on the passage
you have just read. Write T for true and F
for false.
F
1)Ones appearance and behavior depend
completely on genes. 2) Twins are
more likely to develop severe
illnesses if they are raised apart. 3)
Helen received a good education because her
foster parents were well educated. 4)
Helen and Gladys grew up in completely
different environment.
F
F
F
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Global Reading
T
5) Gladys was similar to Helen in physical
appearance. 6) The differences
between Helen and Gladys in their
behavior were the result of the
different education they had received. 7)
Helen and Gladys appeared in the same
advertisement. 8) Genes predict ones
potentials and environment determines ones real
performance.
T
F
T
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Detailed Reading
Passage Reading
Understanding Sentences
Word Study
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Twins, Genes, and Environment Heredity or
environment which is stronger? 1 The potentials
which a person is born with determine in some way
what he will do in life. Therefore heredity is
fate, a kind of predestination. However, genes do
not work in a vacuum as soon as we begin
considering the role that they play in the
development of the individual, we see that there
can be no development without the interacting
environment. No characteristic is caused
exclusively by either environment or genes.

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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
The relative effects of heredity and
environment are most clearly observable in
identical twins. Most identical twins are raised
together and are remarkably alike in both
appearance and behavior. These cases demonstrate
that individuals with the same genes, when raised
in the same environment, will respond to it in
much the same way. They do not indicate what
would happen if these identical individuals were
raised separately. A number of studies have
been made of identical twins raised apart. The
twins who were the subjects of these studies
lived in America, were raised in much the same
physical environments, and experienced much the
same nutritional histories. Therefore, as one
might expect, they maintained the closest
resemblance to each other in physical
appearance, height, and weight.
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
2 Exceptions occurred when one twin had
developed a rather severe illness and the other
had not but on the whole everyone is impressed
by the great psychological and physical
likenesses that exist between identical twins,
even those who have been separated from infancy.
3 In a study of nineteen sets of twins who had
been separated from birth, investigators found
that in approximately two thirds of the sets
there were no more significant differences than
existed among unseparated pairs of twins. This
strongly suggests the power of the genes and the
limitation of the effect of environment. However,
it must be remembered that, although the
identical twins who were studied lived in
different families far removed from each other,
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
the environments in those families were not, on
the whole, substantially different. 4 Usually
every effort would be made to put each child in a
home with a background similar to that of its own
family, and therefore it should not be surprising
to find that the twins developed similarly. But
in those cases in which there had been a greater
difference in the environments of the separated
twins, the differences between the twins were
more substantial. The following case illustrates
what happens to identical twins when they are
brought up in contrasting environments.
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Gladys and Helen were born in a small
Ohio town and were separated at about eighteen
months of age. They did not meet again until they
were twenty-eight years old. Helen had been
adopted twice. Her first foster parents had
proved to be unstable, and Helen had been
returned to the orphanage after a couple of
years after several months she was again
adopted, by a farmer and his wife who lived in
southeastern Michigan. This was her home for the
next twenty-five years. 5 Her second
foster-mother, though she had had few educational
advantages herself, was determined that Helen
should receive a good education Helen eventually
graduated from college, taught school for twelve
years, married at twenty-six, and had a daughter.
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Gladys was adopted by a Canadian railroad
conductor and his wife. When she was in the third
grade, the family moved to a rather isolated part
of the Canadian Rockies, where there were no
schools, and Gladys' formal education came to an
end, and was not resumed until the family moved
to Ontario. She stayed at home and did housework
until she was seventeen, and then went to work in
a knitting mill. She went to Detroit at nineteen,
got a job, and married when she was twenty-one.
6 Helen had been healthier than Gladys, in
childhood and adulthood, but other than that,
their environments had been very similar except
for their education. Their weight, height, hair
color, and teeth were very similar. The
differences that distinguished them were
obviously associated with the different social
lives they had led.
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Helen was confident, graceful, made the
most of her personal appearance, and showed
considerable polish and ease in social
relationships. Gladys was shy, self-conscious,
quiet and without charming or graceful manners. A
scientist who studied them remarked, "As an
advertisement for a college education the
contrast between these two twins should be quite
effective."
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Considering the nature of their
environmental experiences, the differences in
Helen and Gladys are not surprising. Since
psychological traits depend so much upon
experience, it is to be expected that they will
reflect it. On the other hand, traits that are
not liable to be influenced by the environment
are more likely to exhibit a high degree of
similarity in identical twins. 7 Important as
they are, genes alone are never absolutely
responsible for any trait. What we can do is set
by the genes, but what we actually do is largely
determined by the environment. ( 823 words)
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
1. The potentials which a person is born with
determine in some way what he will do in life.
The potentials???,which a person is born
with?potentials???,what he will do?determine???,
in some way to some extent??????, be born with
(in) ????
Comment
????????, ????????????????????
Translation
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
1) At one point I made up my mind to go and talk
to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, realizing
that he could do nothing to help. 2) Being a
hard-working young man, he is praised by all his
fellow workers.
Example
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
2. Exceptions occurred when one twin had
developed a rather severe illness and the other
had not but on the whole everyone is impressed
by the great psychological and physical
likenesses that exist between identical twins,
even those who have been separated from infancy.
occur ?????on the whole ????? ? in most
instances or cases ???????,?????It will be
sunny, on the whole. ?????????that exist between
identical twins? likenesses??????
Comment
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
???????????????????????, ?????????????,?????,???
?????????????,????????????,??????????????
Translation
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
3. In a study of nineteen sets of twins who had
been separated from birth, investigators found
that in approximately two thirds of the sets
there were no more significant differences than
existed among unseparated pairs of twins.
who had been separated from birth?????,??twinstha
t in approximately two thirds of the sets there
were no more significant differences than existed
among unseparated pairs of twins?found?????,than
existed? ??????,??
Comment
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
No more significant differences than
existed??????No more significant difference
than the differences that existed?

• He is no more a God than us.
• 2) Money is no more than our servant.

Example
Translation
?????????????????????,?????, ?????????????????????
?????????????
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
4. Usually every effort would be made to put each
child in a home with a background similar to that
of its own family, and therefore it should not be
surprising to find that the twins developed
similarly.
to make every effort ??? to try ones best , e.g.
The prisoner had made every effort to escape but
failed. similar to that of its own family
?background???,????that????background,that the
twins developed similarly?find????
Comment
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
????????????????????????????????????,?????????????
?????????????
Translation
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
5. Her second foster-mother, though she had had
few educational advantages herself, was
determined that Helen should receive a good
education (ll. 12-13)
though????????,that Helen should receive a good
education ?was determined??????be determined to
do something ???? ? e.g. Im determined to
finish the task before supper.
Comment
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
Example
Im determined to finish the task before supper.
?????????????????,???????????????
Translation
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
6. Helen had been healthier than Gladys, in
childhood and adulthood, but other than that,
their environments had been very similar except
for their education. (ll. 12- 13)
other than ? except, apart from e.g. There is
nobody in the classroom other than
John. ?????????,????? There was nothing we
could do other than wait.??????,?????????
You cant get there other than by boat.
?? ??,???????
Comment
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
? anything but, not ??? She can hardly be other
than annoyed about it. (she is certain to be
annoyed)
Comment
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Understanding Sentences
7. Important as they are, genes alone are never
absolutely responsible for any trait. (ll. 12-13)
as/though??,??,??????? e.g. Impossible as it
seems, its true. ??????????,????? Tired as I
was, I tried to help them. ???????,?????????? (esp
. AmE) Popular as he is (even though he is
popular), the President has not been able to get
his own way on every issue. ??????????,???????????
?????
Comment
????????,???????????????????
Translation
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
potential n.
1. ( the degree of ) possibility for developing
or being favorably developed ??, ??, ???

1. This new invention has an enormous sales
   potential. (could be sold in very large
   quantities)
2. a young player with great potential.

To be continued
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
potential adj.
1. that may happen or become so, although not
actually existing at present ???, ????
a potential danger potential
resources the potential demand of the
market   synonyms likely possible promising
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
vacuum n.
1. a situation in which someone or something is
missing or lacking ????????

1. Moral values cannot be taught in a vacuum.
2. The process of learning a language does not take
   place in a vacuum.

2. a space that contains no air or other gas ??

• The vacuum was produced by pumping all the air
  from the tank.
• 2) We can make this bottle into a vacuum in some
  way.

Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
exclusively adv.
only completely ????? ???

• This special offer has been exclusively designed
  for readers of this magazine.
• Instruction in these subjects in undergraduate
  classes is almost exclusively by lecture.
• 3) Plutonium(?)is used almost exclusively in
  atomic weapons.

Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
identical adj.
exactly the same, or very similar ???,???,???

1. All the plants were grown under identical
   conditions.
2. The two parties fought the last election on
   almost identical manifestos (??).

• No two people have identical fingerprints.
• 4) These days, many products are nearly
  identical to each other in quality and price.

synonyms alike duplicate same
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
remarkably adj.
unusually, noticeably ???, ?????

1. He plays the piano remarkably well.
2. He is a remarkably good cook.

synonyms exceptionally extraordinarily
greatly
unusually marvelously notably rarely
specially strikingly
wonderfully
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
resemblance n.
the fact or an instance of being alike or similar
to another person or thing ??,??

1. The resemblance between the twins is striking.
2. The film bears little or no resemblance to the
   novel.

synonyms likeness similarity sameness
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
substantially adv.
1. quite a lot ?????, ???

• The first chapter has been changed substantially.
• The percentage of girls in engineering has
• increased substantially.
• 3) People's income has increased substantially
  in the
• past 50 years.

2. essentially ???,???

• There are one or two minor differences, but
  they're substantially the same text.
• 2) Your efforts contributed substantially to
  our success.

Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
illustrate v.
1. make the meaning of (something) clearer by
giving related examples ??,??
1) The lecturer illustrated his point with a
diagram (??) on the blackboard. 2) The
following examples illustrate our approach to
customer service. 3) These statistics
illustrate very well the point I was
making.
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
illustrate v.
2. put pictures in a book, article, etc. ??????

• He has illustrated the book with black-and-white
• photographs.
• 2) Over a hundred diagrams, tables and pictures
• illustrate the book.
• 3) The teacher illustrated his lesson with
  pictures.

synonyms clarify demonstrate explain
represent explain
picture portray represent show
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
bring up
1. to educate and care for (a child) until
grown-up ??, ??(??)

• He left her to bring up three young children on
  her
• own.
• 2) Throughout this unfortunate episode the
  attaché
• (??)was acting according to the way he had
• been brought up.

2. mention a subject or start to talk about it ??
(??)

• Why did you have to bring up the subject of
  money?
• 2) He brought up a subject rarely raised during
  the course of this campaign.

To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
foster v.
1. encourage the development or growth of ??,??

• These sessions are designed to foster better
  working relationships.
• This approach will foster an understanding of
  environmental issues.

To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
foster v.
2. take someone else's child into your family
for a period of time but without becoming
their legal parent ??,??

• The couple wanted to adopt the black child they
  had been fostering.
• 2) She has since gone on to find happiness by
  fostering more than 100 children.

synonyms care for cultivate feed mind
nourish nurse nurture
rear support tend
Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
make use of
to get the best advantage from ??????

• You should be outside making the most of the
  sunshine.
• Charming and friendly, she will help you make the
  most of your visit.

Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
polish n.
1. a high level of skill or style in the way
someone performs, writes, or behaves
??,??,??

1. Travel with polite people gives polish to a
   girl's manners.
2. It's a reasonable film, but it lacks polish.

2. a substance that is put on the surface of an
object in order to clean it, protect it, and make
it shine ???,???

• Shoe polish protects and shines leather shoes.
• 2) The still air smelled faintly of furniture
  polish.

To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
polish v.
1. make something smooth, bright, and shiny
by rubbing it ??,??

1. He polished the piano until the wood shone.
2. Each morning he shaved himself and polished his
   shoes.

2. improve a piece of writing, a speech, etc. by
making slight changes to it before it is
completely finished improve a skill by
practicing ??,??,?????

1. He'd spent the summer polishing his flying
   skills.
2. Your essay is good you just need to polish it a
   bit.

Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
remark n.
1. (about, on) a spoken or written opinion
comment ??, ??

1. Dont make/pass rude remarks about her
   appearance.
2. You should not let it pass without remark.

2. notice, attention ??

• a report worthy of special remark
• 2) Her extraordinary beauty can not escape
• remark.

To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
remark v.
1. notice, see ??

1. I remarked the resemblance between the two
   brothers.
2. He remarked the changes of his hometown.

2. that obj to say especially that one has
just noticed give as an opinion??, ??

• He remarked that it was getting late. a report
  worthy of special remark
• 2) The editor remarked that the article was swell
  written.

To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
remark v.
3. (on/upon) to notice and say or write something
about ??, ??

1. Everyone remarked on his absence.
2. He remarked on the prosperous look of the
   countryside.

Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
liable adj.
1. likely ???

1. The car is liable to overheat on long trips.
2. I feel that the play is liable to give offence to
   many people.

2. legally responsible for the cost of something
(? ??) ? (??) ???,????

• Can schools be held liable for educational
  malpractice (??)?
• 2) The airline's insurer is liable for damages
  to the victims' families.
• 3) Be carefulif you have an accident I'll be
  liable.

To be continued
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Word Study
liable adj.
3. likely to experience something unpleasant ????
?,????

1. Many parts of the country are liable to flooding.
   
2. We are all liable to make mistakes when we're
   tired.

synonyms apt likely probable
responsible
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
??
liable, apt likely
1. liable, apt, and likely are often used
interchangeably in constructions with following
infinitives, as in John is liable to lose, John
is apt to lose, and John is likely to lose.
To be continued
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Word Study
??
liable, apt likely
2. The three words are distinct in meaning.
liable is often used with reference to an
unfavorable outcome ???????????????
1) In a depression banks are liable to fail.
2) John is liable to fall out of his chair if he
doesn't sit up straight.
apt having a natural tendency inclined
?????????????? 1) She is apt to take
offense easily. 2) The fuel pump is apt to
give out at any minute.
likely possessing or displaying the qualities or
characteristics that make something
probable ????????????????????? 1) They
are likely to become angry with him. She is
apt to take offense easily. 2) John is
likely to lose the election.
Back to the text
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Word Study
exhibit v.
1. show a particular quality, feeling, or
type of behavior ??,??

• Some materials may exhibit the characteristics of
  both a liquid and
• a solid.
• 2) The child exhibited a bad temper
• at an early age.

To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
exhibit v.
2. show something in a public place so that
people can go to see it ??,??,??

1. His works were exhibited in the best galleries in
   America, Europe and Asia.
2. The gallery exhibits mainly contemporary
   sculpture and photography.

synonyms demonstrate display present
show
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Detailed Reading
Word Study
exhibit n.
something, for example, a painting, that is put
in a public place so that people can go to see it
???,???

1. Each exhibit was clearly labeled with a name and
   number.
2. The children's museum has several
   hands-on(?????)exhibits.

Back to the text
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Post Reading
Post Reading
Choose the Best Explanation
Synonyms
Complete the Sentences
Complete the Gapped Paragraph
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Post Reading
Choose the Best Explanation
Directions Choose the best explanation for the
italicized word in each sentence.
1. The twins who were the subjects or these
studies ... (ll.13-14) A. things people talk
about B. courses taken by university
students C. people being tested or studied
v
2. Exceptions occurred when one twin had
developed a rather severe illness and
(ll.17-18) A. serious B. sudden C.
intense
v
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Post Reading
3. and Gladys formal education came to an end,
and was not resumed until the family moved to
Ontario. (ll. 51-52) A. assumed B.
repeated C. continued
v
4. and showed considerable polish and ease in
social relationships. (ll. 59-60) A.
ability B. care C. grace
v
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Post Reading
5. without charming or graceful manners (l.
61) A. ways in which one behaves B.
habits and customs C. ways in which a thing is
done
v
6. Considering the nature of their environmental
experiences (l. 64) A. world around us B.
essential quality C. character of a person
v
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Post Reading
7. On the other hand, traits that are not liable
to be influenced by the environment are more
likely to (ll. 66-67) A. surely B.
likely C. able
v
8. What we can do is set by the genes (l.69)
A. placed B. determined C. doubled
v
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Post Reading
Synonyms
Directions Complete the sentences by filling in
the blanks with words from the box. Some of the
words can be used twice. Change the form if
necessary.
alike identical like resemble same
similar

1. Its amazing how closely Brian and Steve
   each other.
2. Mother and I are exactly . I havent
   a thing in common with my father.
3. many women of her age, she struggled
   to find a balance between her career and her
   children.

resemble
alike
like
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Post Reading
alike identical like resemble same
similar

• The speech was strikingly
• to one given by the
  American President earlier this
• year.
• 5) The furniture was made in much the
  way as it was over 200 years ago.
• 6) twins are always of the
  sex and they look almost exactly
  .

similar
same
Identical
same
alike
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Post Reading
Complete the Sentences
Directions Complete each of the following
sentences with an appropriate adverb from the
box.
actually absolutely approximately
eventually exclusively obviously
remarkably similarly
absolutely

1. You must be silent or the
   birds wont appear.
2. Seventy-two percent of the people
   found work, but mainly in low-paid service
   jobs.
3. He was in tears and very
   upset.
4. Men must wear a jacket and tie.
   , women should dress quite formally.

eventually
obviously
similarly
To be continued
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Part Two In-Class Reading gtgt Post Reading
actually absolutely approximately
eventually exclusively obviously
remarkably similarly
remarkably
5) She plays the violin well
for a child of her age. 6) --How many
people died in the plane crash? --I
dont know the exact number, but there
were 200 people on the
plane. 7) Almost all of the surrounding land is
owned by a few very
rich farmers. 8) It turns out that one of the
children I thought was a girl was
a boy.
approximately
exclusively
actually