Conception to Birth Prenatal Development

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Conception to BirthPrenatal Development
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Prenatal Development

• Prenatal defined as before birth
• Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with
  the birth of the child.

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Zygote

• A newly fertilized egg
• The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell
  division.

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Embryo

• 14 days until the end of the eight week
• Most of the major organs are formed during this
  time.
• Heartbeat, Red Blood Cells

Embryo 45 Days
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Prenatal Development
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• Prenatal Development Overview
• Zygote Conception to 2 weeks
• Embryo 2 weeks through 8 weeks
• Fetus 9 weeks to birth

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Fetal Period

• The period between the beginning of the ninth
  week until birth
• Now referred to as a Fetus

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Prenatal Development 2 months
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11 Weeks
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Placenta

• A cushion of cells in the mother by which the
  fetus receives oxygen and nutrition
• Acts as a filter to screen out substances that
  could harm the fetus

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Teratogens

• Substances that pass through the placentas
  screen and prevent the fetus from developing
  normally

• Includes radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses,
  drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

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Smoking and Birth Weight
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

• A series of physical and cognitive abnormalities
  in children due to their mother drinking large
  amounts of alcohol during pregnancy

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• Swallowing and Kicking

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• Make its first movements

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28 Weeks
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2-D
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3-D and 4-D
National Geographic Channel In The Womb
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The Beginnings of Life The Newborn
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Newborn
Reflexes Automatic and Unlearned Responses

• Within the 1st 30 minutes, newborns will turn
  their heads to watch a human face even it is a
  picture or a drawing
• Human Voices
• Taste preferences no spoiled milk please!

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Rooting Reflex

• Infants tendency, when touched on the cheek, to
  move their face in the direction of the touch and
  open their mouth
• Child is looking for nourishment.

• Sucking Swallowing Reflexes
• Allows for food to be received at birth

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left leg extends when infant gazes to the left,
while right arm and leg flex inward, and vice
versa.
infant closes its hand and "grips" your finger
takes brisk steps when both feet placed on a
surface, with body supported.
The infant raises up (upper torso, shoulders, and
head) with arms when lying face down (on his
tummy).
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Newborns are great at grasping

• but not at letting go!

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• Newborns are able to see, but are nearsighted.
• -prefer faces over other stimuli in the
  environment.

• Prefer the sounds of their parents voices over
  others

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Temperament

• A persons characteristic emotional reactivity
  and intensity

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Temperament

• A babys temperament is apparent after just a few
  hours of birth
• easy babies eat and sleep regularly
• difficult unpredictable, intense, irritable
• Relatively stable personality aspect

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Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
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Infant, Toddler, Child

• Infant First year
• Toddler From about 1 year to 3 years of age
• Child Span between toddler and teen

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Maturation!

• An orderly sequence of biological growth
• genetically programmed (nature)
• But, can be adjusted by experience
  (abuse/deprivation) (nurture)

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Maturation!
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Maturation and Motor Development

• Includes all physical skills and muscular
  coordination
• When did you first roll over, sit up, walk, ride
  a bike???

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Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
Piagets Cognitive Stages

• Module 4 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Cognition

• All the mental activities associated with
  thinking, knowing, and remembering
• Children think differently than adults

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Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY)

• Developmental psychologist who introduced a stage
  theory of cognitive development

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Schema

• As we develop, we struggle to construct
  understanding by building SCHEMA(s)
• A concept or framework that organizes or
  interprets understanding
• What are your schemas for
• Dogs
• Love
• Chairs
• Etc

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When a child encounters something new, he must
adjust his schema

• ACCOMODATION
• Change your existing schema or create a new
  schema to fit the new information
• Create a new schema for cats and refining the dog
  schema

• ASSIMILATION
• Incorporate the item into an existing schema
• All 4 legged animals are called dogs

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Stage 1- Sensorimotor Stage

• From birth to 2 years
• Child gathers information about the world through
  senses motor functions
• Child learns object permanence

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Object Permanence

• The awareness that things continue to exist even
  when they cannot be sensed
• Out of sight, out of mind

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Object Permanence
Clip the baby to see object permanence in action!
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Even when they get older, kids figure out objects
dont go away, but the A not B Effect gets
em every time!
Check out this clip!
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toast permanence?
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Stage 2- Preoperational Stage

• From about 2 to 6 or 7 yrs
• Children can understand language but not logic
• Fantasy Play

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Egocentrism

• The childs inability to take another persons
  point of view
• Includes a childs inability to understand that
  symbols can represent other objects

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Theory of Mind

• Children develop a theory of mind around the
  age of 4 or 5
• The ability to infer others mental states and
  realize that they may hold false beliefs
• just because I think something doesnt mean
  other people do too!

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Conservation

• Certain properties remain constant despite
  changes in their form
• The properties can include mass, volume, and
  numbers.

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Conservation
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Conservation
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Conservation
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Types of Conservation Tasks
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Stage 3- Concrete Operational Stage

• From about 7 to 11yrs
• Child learns to think logically
• understands the concept of conservation

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Stage 4- Formal Operational Stage

• Child can think logically and in the abstract
• About age 12 on up
• Can solve hypothetical problems (What if.
  problems)

Check out this clip the 1st kid is in stage 3
logic the last person is stage 4, she thinks
hypothetically
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Assessing Piagets Theory

• Piaget underestimated the childs ability at
  various ages.
• Piagets theory doesnt take into account culture
  and social differences.