Imperialism in Africa

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Imperialism in Africa

• Image source http//www.bcpl.net/sullivan/modu
  les/imperial/images/imperialism.gif

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Imperialism

• Latin word from the days of the Roman empire
• domination of a countrys political, economic,
  and social life by another country

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Causes for nineteenth-century European Imperialism

• 1. Economics
• 2. Nationalism
• 3. Balance-of-Power
• 4. White Mans Burden

4
Take up the White Mans burden Send forth the
best ye breed Go bind your sons to exileTo
serve your captives needTo wait in heavy
harnessOn fluttered folk and wild Your
new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and
half-child.

• - Rudyard Kipling

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Image source http//www.usd.edu/honors/HWB/1999
/1999f/imperialism20in20africa.htm
Initially, European holdings were limited to
coastal areas near the mouths of rivers along the
trade routes to Asia.
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Missionaries such as David Livingstone often
expanded European knowledge of the interior of
Africa as a result of their travels.

• Image source http//www.historicprints.com/hf-1
  7.jpg

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Image source http//homepage.ntlworld.com/maps-
at-anona/davidlivingstone2.gif
The travels of these explorers allowed their
respective nations to lay claim to those lands.
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Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of Germany convened
a conference to discuss the procedures for
establishing colonies.
Image source http//www.museumofworldwarii.com/
images/TourPictures/01_Wilhelm1_lge.jpg
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Berlin Conference

• met in late-1884/early-1885
• set the criteria for claiming colonies in Africa
• initiated the Scramble for Africa
• - succeeded in deflecting European attention and
  aggression outward
• - resulted in the partitioning of Africa

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• Countries at the Conference of Berlin

Belgium
Portugal
Great Britain
Italy
Germany
France
Spain
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• In Africa, only two countries allowed to remain
  independent

Ethiopia
Liberia
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King Charles X started France on the road to
empire when he ordered his troops to invade
Algeria in 1830.

• Image source http//www.cpror.com/cprorGB/image
  s/portchX.gif

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It took France ten years and 100,000 troops to
conquer and occupy all of Algeria.
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France went on to conquer Tunis in 1881 and
secure special rights in Morocco in 1904.
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Meanwhile, Great Britain was chewing up territory
elsewhere in Africa.

• Image source http//www.saburchill.com/history/
  chapters/empires/images/0083.jpg

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Britain acquiredSouthern Africafrom the
Dutchduring the Napoleonic Wars, in an effort to
maintain their trade routes to their empire in
the Orient.

• Image source
• http//www.hydro.com/library/images/about/hydro_w
  orldwide/continent_countries/south-africa.gif

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British interests collided with an expanding Zulu
Empire.
Image source Into The Fire by Mark Churms
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After some initial defeats, the British managed
to extend their hegemony over most of southern
Africa.

• Image source http//www.military-art.com/images
  /dhm_371_small.jpg

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In 1859, the French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de
Lesseps, set up a company to build the Suez
Canal.

• Image source http//www.edinfor.pt/anc/f-lessep
  s.jpg

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• Image source http//www.wwnorton.com/college/hi
  story/ralph/ralimage/30suez.jpg

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The Suez Canal provided a more direct route
between Europe and East Asia.

• Image source http//people.hofstra.edu/geotrans
  /eng/ch1en/conc1en/img/suez.gif

22
Great Britain gained control of the canal in 1875
when Egypt sold its shares to pay off some debts.
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea

• Image source
• http//www.cc-pays-de-gex.fr/edres01/ecoles/ecsgp
  lio/images/SuezNASA.gif

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Image source http//regentsprep.org/Regents/glo
bal/themes/imperialism/images/imperialism.gif
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Concern over the security of the Suez Canal led
Britain to take a greater interest in the affairs
of Egypt.

• Image source

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Egypt became a protectorate of Great Britain in
1882 after the defeat of a nationalist revolt led
by Ahmed Arabi.

• Image source http//www.antiquemapsandprints.co
  m/p-3959.jpg

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During the 1880s, an Islamic revival, led by a
self-proclaimed deliverer known as the Mahdi,
threatened British interests in Egypt.

• Image source http//sudanhome.com/cards/cards/e
  l_mahdi.jpg

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His force swept across the Sudan, re-instituting
fundamentalist practices.

• Image source http//ron.heavengames.com/gameinf
  o/nations/nubia/nubia.shtml

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Among the practices revived by the Mahdi was
slavery.

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  ldren.gif

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The British ultimately defeated the forces of the
Mahdi at the Battle of Omdurman.
http//www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/h
utchinson/images/aa332391.jpg
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Whatever happens, we have got,the Maxim gun,
and they have not.
- Hillaire Belloc

• Image source http//www.uh.edu/engines/maximgun
  .jpg

31
Many people, such as Britains competitors in
colonization, the French, hoped that Britain
would fail miserably in their efforts to
establish a global empire.

• Image source http//users.westconnect.com.au/7
  Eianmac5/choc.jpg

32
British and French interests collided at Fashoda
in 1898, almost resulting in a shooting war
between the two great imperialist powers.

• Image source http//www.saburchill.com/history/
  chapters/empires/0055.html

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The British met opposition in places like West
Africa, when they sought to conquer and subdue
the Ashanti Empire of Queen Yaa Asantewaa.

• Image source http//www.ashanti.com.au/Asantewa
  .jpg

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The French also ran into difficulties when they
tried to defeat Samory Touré, the Black
Napoleon of the Western Sudan, in the
late-nineteenth century.

• Image source http//www.playahata.com/pages/bhf
  igures28.html

35
King Behanzin of Dahomey turned out to be a
formidable foe for the French as well.

• Image source http//shopping.corbis.com/search/
  details.asp?imageid11017521

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Relative late-comers to the Scramble for Africa
included

• Belgium
• Italy
• Germany

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King Leopold II of Belgium aspired to be the
ruler of a large empire like his fellow European
monarchs.

• Image source http//worldroots.clicktron.com/br
  igitte/gifs3/leopold2belgium.gif

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He managed to claim virtually all the land
drained by the Congo River for Belgium.

• Image source http//www.cwrl.utexas.edu/benjam
  in/316kfall/316kunit3/studentprojects/conrad/congo
  .jpg

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Leopold was able to claim the Congo for Belgium
because he promoted the fiction that his rule
would be benign. In reality, the colony became
one large plantation producing rubber.

• Image source http//www.historywiz.com/images/a
  frica/snake.gif

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Natives who failed to harvest their quota of
latex were often punished by having their hands
cut off.
Image source http//www.me.mtu.edu/aswaisan/le
opold.htm
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Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in 1911,
seizing Tripoli and renaming it Libya.
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Menelik II succeeded in conquering many smaller
kingdoms, creating a reunified Ethiopian Empire.
Image source http//www.macalester.edu/courses/
geog61/kshively/images/menelik.gif
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An expanding Ethiopia collided with an expanding
Italian Empire, resulting in a brief war.
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The Italians suffered a humiliating defeat at the
Battle of Adowa in 1896.

• Image source http//www.rastaites.com/images/it
  hiopianversion.jpg

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As a result of their victory at Adowa, Ethiopia
managed to be one of the only African nations to
maintain its independence.

• Image source http//www.artehistoria.com/histor
  ia/jpg/REC12781.jpg

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Much against Chancellor Bismarcks desire,
nationalist groups in Germany succeeded in
driving Germany into the ranks of Imperialist
powers in Africa.

• Image source http//www.dhm.de/ausstellungen/vi
  ctalb/e13ab3.htm

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• Image source http//www.dhm.de/ausstellungen/vi
  ctalb/kolonie3.jpg

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Image source http//www.usd.edu/honors/HWB/1999
/1999f/imperialism20in20africa.htm