Global Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) and Treatments

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CHAPTER 8

• Global Use of Complementary and Alternative
  Medicine (CAM) and Treatments
• By Ping Hu Johnson

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• CAM Defined Complementary and Alternative or
  Traditional?
• Refers to a set of medical and healthcare
  systems, practices, and products that are not
  part of that countrys tradition and are not
  integrated into the dominant healthcare system

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• CAM Defined Complementary and Alternative or
  Traditional?
• WHO defines traditional medicine as the
  knowledge skills, and practices based on the
  theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to
  different cultures, whether explicable or not,
  used in the maintenance of health as well as in
  the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or
  treatment of physical and mental illness

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• Alternative Medicine
• Complementary Medicine
• Traditional Medicine
• CAM in the United States
• Allopathic Medicine
• 2005 Institute of Medicines Report on
  Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the
  United States

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• People who are more likely to use CAM
• Women
• People with higher household income
• Older adults
• Ethnic minorities low-income individuals
• People with lower emotional role functioning and
  perceived general health
• People who had been hospitalized in the last year
• People with a holistic orientation to health
• People with certain health problems

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• Reasons that people were most likely to use CAM
• They believe CAM therapies integrated with
  conventional therapies yield better results
• They thought trying CAM therapies would be
  interesting
• They were recommended by a medical professional

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• Reasons that people were most likely to use CAM
• They felt allopathic therapies were not effective
• They felt CAM therapies would be more
  cost-effective
• They believe CAM therapies can boost the immune
  system, treat cancer, and help them live longer

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• Mind-Body therapies, including prayer
• Megavitamin Therapy
• Biologically based therapies
• Manipulative Therapies
• Alternative Medical Systems
• Energy Therapies

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• Nonvitamin, Nonmineral, Natural products
• Deep Breathing Exercises
• Participating in prayer
• Meditation
• Chiropractic care
• Yoga
• Massage
• Diet-based therapies

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• CAM IN THE WORLD
• Global Use of CAM
• China
• Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Zambia
• African countries
• Europe
• North America
• Canada
• Germany
• United Kingdom

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• MAJOR FORMS OF CAM
• Alternative Medical Systems
• Ayurvedic Medicine
• Homeopathic Medicine
• Naturopathic Medicine
• Traditional Chinese Medicine

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• MAJOR FORMS OF CAM
• Mind-Body Medicine
• Biologically Based therapies
• Manipulative and Body-Based Methods
• Chiropractic Medicine Massage Therapy
• Energy Medicine
• Raiki and Therapeutic Touch

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• RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
• Research Areas of Special Interest
• Anxiety and depression
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Ethnomedicine
• Immune modulation or enhancement
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Insomnia
• Liver
• Obesity and metabolic syndrome
• Respiratory diseases

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• LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
• Development and implementation of regulations
  for
• Traditional medicine
• Complementary medicine
• Alternative medicine
• Herbal medicine

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• LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
• These challenges are related to the
• Regulatory status
• Assessment of safety and efficacy
• Quality control
• Safety monitoring
• Lack of knowledge by national drug regulatory
  authorities

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• FDA does require homeopathic remedies to meet
  certain legal standard for
• Strength
• Quality
• Purity
• Packaging
• Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of
  1994 (DSHEA)
• Ethical Responsibility

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Refer to BOX 8-2 ARE YOU CONSIDERING USING CAM?
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Refer to BOX 8-3 KEY ISSUESTO CONSIDER WHEN
SELECTING A CAM PRACTITIONER
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Refer to BOX 8-4 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TO ASK THE
PRACTITIONER YOU SELECT
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• Ethical Issues Surrounding CAM Treatment and
  Research
• Influences of Politics, Economics, Culture, and
  Religion
• Politics The Role of Government
• The influence of politics and government is
  significant in the United States

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• The use of CAM worldwide makes it important for
  governments to
• Formulate national policy and regulation for the
  proper use
• Establish regulatory mechanisms to control the
  safety and quality of products
• Create awareness about safe and effective
  traditional medicine
• Cultivate and conserve medicinal plants

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• Economics
• Culture and Religion
• Cultural beliefs significantly predict the use of
  traditional medicine practices
• Developing and Developed Societies
• The industrialized world uses traditional
  medicine and CAM as a choice
• Well-educated
• Well-informed