The Biosphere

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The Biosphere
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Ecology

• Is the scientific study of interactions among
  organisms and between organisms and their
  environment or surroundings.

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Levels of Organization

• Species
• Group of organisms that can reproduce
• Population
• Groups of individual that live in the same area
• Communities
• Different populations that live in a defined area

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Levels of Organization

• Ecosystem
• Collection of all organisms that live in a
  particular place, and the non-living environment
• Biome
• Group of ecosystems that have the same climate
  and dominate communities.

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Energy Flow

• Energy flows through Ecosystems
• Producers autotrophs
• Consumers heterotrophs

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Producers

• Sunlight is the main source of energy for most
  life on earth.

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Producers

• Some organisms do not rely on sunlight, but
  rather rely on energy stored in inorganic
  chemical compounds

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• An Autotroph Is Any Organism That Can Produce Its
  Own Food Supply!

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Autotrophs Producer

• AKA
• Also Known As
• PRODUCER
• captures energy and transforms it into organic,
  stored energy for the use of living organisms.

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Photoautotroph

• Producer That Captures Energy from the sun by
• Photosynthesis
• Adds Oxygen to the atmosphere
• Removes Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere

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Photoautotroph EXAMPLES

• On Land
• Plants
• In The Sea
• Algae
• Tidal Flats Salt Marshes
• Cyanobacteria

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Chemoautotroph

• Capture energy from the bonds of inorganic
  molecules
• No light needed
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• The Process Is Called Chemosynthesis

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Autotrophs

• Know the difference between
• Photosynthesis
• Chemosynthesis

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Consumers

• THATS
• YOU

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Consumers

• You are a
• HETEROTROPH

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Consumers

• Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain
  energy.
• Herbivores
• Eat Only Plants
• Carnivores
• Eat Only Other Animals

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Consumers

• Heterotrophs eat other organisms to obtain
  energy.
• Omnivores (Thats You)
• Eat Plants Animals
• Detritivores
• Feed On Dead Plant Animal Remains
• Decomposers
• Breaks down organic matter
• Fungi Bacteria

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Feeding Relationships

• Key Concept
• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
  direction
• from producers to various levels of consumers

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Feeding Relationships

• Food Chain
• Simple Energy path through an ecosystem

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Food WebMore realistic path through an ecosystem
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Trophic Levels

• Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a
  Trophic Level.
• Producers
• Always The First Trophic Level
• How Energy Enters The System
• Herbivores
• Second Trophic Level
• Carnivores/Omnivores
• Make Up The Remaining Trophic Levels

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Each level depends on the one below it for
energy.
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Ecological Pyramids

• Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts
  of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level
• Energy Pyramid
• Biomass Pyramid
• Pyramid of Numbers

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Energy Pyramid

• shows the amount of energy available at each
  trophic level
• Only use 10 of the energy
• 90 is lost as HEAT

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Biomass Pyramid

• Shows the amount of living organic matter at each
  trophic level
• Most biomass??
• Base (bottom) of the pyramid

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Pyramid of Numbers

• Shows the relative number of individuals at each
  trophic level

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Warm Up

• Write ONLY 20 words about what you learned during
  our Ecology notes yesterday

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Biogeochemical Cycles

• Bio
• Life
• Geo
• Geological
• Chemical
• Elements Compounds
• Cycles
• Use and ReUse

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Biogeochemical Cycles

• Water
• Nutrients
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus

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Recycling in the Biosphere

• Key Concept
• Unlike the one-way flow of energy, Matter is
  recycled within and between ecosystems.
• Biogeochemical cycles
• Connect Biological, Geological, and Chemical
  aspects of the Biosphere

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Recycling in the Biosphere

• Matter is NOT used up
• It is transformed

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The Water Cycle

• Vapor
• Precipitation
• Run Off
• Rivers, Oceans,
• Groundwater

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The Water Cycle

• Evaporation
• H20 Changes Liquid to Gas
• Transpiration
• Evaporation from
• Leaves

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Nutrient Cycles

• Key Concept
• Every living organism needs nutrients to build
  tissues and carry out essential life functions.
• Nutrients are passed through Biogeochemical
  Cycles.

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Carbon Cycle

• Estimated Carbon in Biosphere
• 49,000 Metric Gigatons
• Metric Gigaton109 Metric Tons or 1,000,000,000
  Tons
• 71 in Oceans
• 22 Fossilized
• 3 Dead Organics Phytoplankton

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Carbon Cycle

• 3 Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 1 in the Atmosphere

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Carbon Cycle

• Fossilized Carbon Carbon Bank
• Coal
• Oil
• Gas
• Renewable Carbon
• Actively Recycled Carbon In Biosphere

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Atmospheric Carbon
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Ice Core
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Nitrogen Cycle

• Required for Amino Acids
• N2 78 Atmosphere
• NH3 Ammonia
• NO3 Nitrate
• NO2 Nitrite

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Nitrogen In The Biosphere
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Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen Fixation
• Bacteria, roots of legumes

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Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen Fixation
• Bacteria,
• roots of
• legumes

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Nitrogen Cycle

• Denitrification
• Nitrates to Nitrogen Gas
• Decomposition
• Performed by Soil Bacteria

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Phosphorus Cycle

• Required for DNA RNA
• Not very common in Biosphere
• Found Mostly As Inorganic Phosphate In
• Rock Soil
• Ocean Sediments

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Phosphorus Cycle

• Phosphorus Does NOT Have An Atmosphere Phase

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Phosphorus Cycle
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Nutrient Limitation

• Primary Productivity
• Rate at which organic matter is created
• Limiting Nutrient
• Lack of nutrient slows productivity
• Human addition of nutrients upsets balance
  algal blooms.

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Nutrient Limitation

• Fertilizers
• Usually Contain Three Limiting Nutrients
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorous
• Potassium
• Oceans
• Nitrogen is the Limiting Nutrient
• Freshwater
• Phosphorous is the Limiting Nutrient