WATER AND ENERGY IN CALIFORNIA The Water Agency Story

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WATER AND ENERGY IN CALIFORNIAThe Water Agency
Story
Presentation to PANC by Lon W. House,
Ph.D. 530.676.8956 lonwhouse_at_waterandenergyconsult
ing.com July 14, 2009 San Francisco
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Water Energy

• There is exactly the same amount of water on
  earth as there has always been. We are drinking
  the same water the dinosaurs drank.
• We use energy to
• access water
• groundwater
• treat water
• take out minerals / chemicals / contaminants
• store water
• move water to where we want to use it
• treat water for end use
• pressurize, add heat / cool or chemicals
• collect wastewater
• treat wastewater

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• California Water Transfer Projects --
• Federal CVP, San Franciscos Hetch Hetchy, Los
  Angeles Aqueduct
• Colorado River
• gt 5 MAF/yr. ? 4.4 MAF/yr.
• State Water Project
• 3.0 4.2 MAF/yr.
• Avg. Energy Use/yr. 12.2 Billion kWh
• Avg. Energy Generation/yr. 7.6 Billion kWh

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Summary

• Water agencies are single largest electricity end
  users in California 3,200 MW maximum demand
• Water agencies already curtail approximately 400
  MW of on-peak demand
• Water agency solutions to California electricity
  problems
• Additional peak demand curtailment - 250 MW from
  existing systems, 1,000 MW with more storage,
  250 MW with TOU water meters/rates
• Water agency generation
• 500 MW of standby generators available
• Hydro - 1,631 MW existing, 500 MW new small (250
  MW gt1 MW, 250 MW lt 1 MW)
• Biogas - 40 MW, 36 MW new potential
• Natural gas engines - existing 100 MW, 200 MW
  additional potential
• Solar - 28 MW, 1000 MW potential
• Wind 1.5 MW, 5 MW potential
• Water agencies potential for increased demand
  3,575 MW (next 10 years)
• Existing conjunctive use in drought/dry years
  350MW
• Proposed conjunctive use development/drought
  1,350 MW
• Desalinization 250 MW salt water plus 250 MW
  desalting groundwater 500 MW
• Electrification of ag diesel pumps 350 MW
• Increased treatment requirements 160 MW
• Increased water marketing - 230 MW
• Increased recycled water use - 685 MW

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Water Agency Demand Characteristics

• 3,200 MW maximum demand currently
• 2,800 MW summer on-peak demand
• water agencies currently shift approximately 400
  MW out of the summer on peak period, primarily
  due to TOU rates (using storage and natural
  gas engines)
• Minimum load 900 MW
• Annual load factor 0.62
• Seasonal - summer maximum demand is 33 percent
  higher than winter max summer energy use is 60
  percent of annual use

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New Water Electricity Requirements

• Conjunctive Use - 350 MW existing 1350 MW new
• Desalinization - 500 MW (250 desalting 250 MW
  ocean desal)
• Drought/Climate Change
• Increased Treatment Requirements - 160 MW
• Increased Water Marketing - 230 MW
• Electrification of Ag Diesel Pumps - 350 MW
• Increased Conservation recycled water,
  agricultural conservation - 685 MW

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California Seawater Desalination Projects
(18) 10 Northern California 8 Southern
California 2008 2015 - ¼ to 50 MGD
Capacity 975,000 to 1,247,000m3/day ? 260 --
330 MGD ? 0.28 -- 0.36 MAF/yr 2.75/k gal
5.12/k gal 4700kWh/acre-ft
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(No Transcript)
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Potential Southern California Sites21 million
acre-feet dry year storage
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Water Agency Hydroelectric Generation
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Estimated Electricity Generation Potential from
WWTP Digester Gas in California Biogas Available
from WWTP (Containing 60 CH4) Gross 16
Billion ft3/yr Technically Useable 11 Billion
ft3/yr 23 Existing WWT Plants to Electricity
40 MW (Range 50 kW -- 15 MW 18 sites lt 2 MW 5
sites gt 2 MW) WWT Plants w/o Energy
Recovery Operations 222 plants 37 MW
Potential 2 plants gt 1 MW 50 plants from 200
kW - 1 MW 170 plants lt 200 kW
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Wind/Solar

• Solar -Water agencies single largest sector for
  solar installations in California - 18 MW
  operating, 48 MW under construction/consideration,
  500 MW being investigated.
• Wind 1.5 MW operating, up to 5 MW under
  consideration.

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EfficiencyImprovements in Water
Implementation Areas

• Energy efficiency in water system
• Recycled water use
• Reduction of peak electrical demand in water
  system
• Elimination of waste - primarily a customer area
• Understanding of timing and quantity of use
  through smart metering
• Utility de-coupling of water sales and total
  income to encourage conservation

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• Principle Elements in Water Systems
• (all require energy inputs)
• Primary water extraction, conveyance, storage (in
  some cases) and supply delivery
• Treatment and distribution
• Customer on-site water pumping, treatment
  (chemicals), and thermal inputs (heating and
  cooling)
• Wastewater collection and treatment

7 of California electricity use
12 of California electricity use
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California Recycled Water

• Water recycling big savings. Reusing available
  water results in less fresh water being
  extracted, and reusing that water results in
  significant energy reductions compared to using
  more fresh water.
• 166 towns and cities in California now use
  recycled water
• California has a policy that no fresh water can
  be used for electricity production if there are
  feasible alternatives

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Water Treatment There can be significant-and
permanent -energy savings by employing more
efficient treatment
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EID El Dorado Hills Raw Water and Treatment Plant
- July 15-21, 2006
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AMR Meters Leak Detection
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AMR Meters Even/Odd Day Conservation Program
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Why Water Savings Programs Are Better Than
Energy Savings

• Less overhead
• Energy projects are typically run by the electric
  utilities. Water efficiency programs typically
  deliver much more of the dollars spent in the
  actual on-the-ground projects.
• Water efficiency savings more permanent
• Energy efficiency tends to be much more
  transitory, due to the substitution (Snackwell)
  effect. As population in California doubled
  during the last 30 years, electricity use has
  doubled, whereas water use has stayed the same.
• Water efficiency saves both water and energy,
  energy efficiency savings save only energy
• Between 3-5 of all the electricity used in the
  U.S. is used to treat and distribute water (in
  California the number is over 7). That means
  every time you save water you also are saving the
  energy that was previously used to treat and
  distribute that water.
• When you save energy (with a more efficient
  refrigerator) you only save energy, no water.
  Water savings gives you double bang for your buck.

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California Water-Energy Pilot Program

• The CPUC pilot allows the investor owned energy
  utilities (IOUs) to partner with a water provider
  to implement a jointly funded program designed to
  maximize embedded energy savings per dollar of
  program cost. This pilot focuses on efforts that
  would
• Conserve water
• Use less energy-intensive water
• Make delivery and treatment systems more
  efficient
• Determine actual water savings and actual energy
  savings
• The goal is to develop electric / gas utility
  programs that save water as a means to saving
  energy.
• The Programs
• Multifamily High Efficiency Toilets
• Single Family High Efficiency Toilets
• pH and ET Controllers - commercial/industrial
  facilities
• Leak Detection Water Systems
• Large Customer - Ozonation
• Emerging Technology - water system SCADA systems
• Recycled Water
• Managed Landscape - ET controllers
• Natural Gas Pump Efficiency
• SDGE Large Customer Audits

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Conclusions

• Water agencies major energy users
• Contribute over 400 MW to on-peak demand
  reduction
• Could increase to almost 1000 MW
• Water agencies poised to significantly increase
  electrical demand
• New water sources are more energy intensive than
  existing
• lower quality water, further distances
• New treatment uses more energy
• Water agencies can meet a significant portion of
  their electrical demand with renewable generation
• Improving water systems energy efficiency has
  significant and long lasting impact.

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Recommended Policies

• Encourage water customers to increase their water
  efficiency
• Encourage water systems to invest in more
  efficient components
• Allow water systems to generate more of their own
  power
• biogas, solar, wind, small hydro

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A GALLON SAVED IS A WATT SAVED