The database approach to data management provides significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach

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• The database approach to data management provides
  significant advantages over the traditional
  file-based approach

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• A well-designed and well-managed database is an
  extremely valuable tool in supporting decision
  making

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• The number and types of database applications
  will continue to evolve and yield real business
  benefits

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Introduction

• Database management system (DBMS) group of
  programs that manipulate database and provide
  interface between database and users
• Database administrator (DBA) a skilled
  information systems professional who directs all
  activities related to organizations database

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Data Management The Hierarchy of Data

• A bit (a binary digit) represents a circuit that
  is either on or off
• A byte is typically 8 bits
• Character each byte represents a character, the
  basic building block of information
• Field typically a name, number, or combination
  of characters that describes an aspect of a
  business object or activity

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The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

• Record a collection of related data fields
• File a collection of related records
• Database a collection of integrated and related
  files
• Hierarchy of data formed by bits, characters,
  fields, records, files, and databases

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Figure 5.1 The Hierarchy of Data
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Data Entities and Attributes

• Entity a generalized class of people, places, or
  things (objects) for which data is collected,
  stored, and maintained
• Attribute a characteristic of an entity
• Data item the specific value of an attribute

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The Traditional Approach Versus the Database
Approach

• Traditional approach separate data files are
  created and stored for each application program
• Results in data redundancy duplication of data
  in separate files
• Data redundancy conflicts with data integrity
  (the degree to which the data in any one file is
  accurate)
• Database approach approach whereby a pool of
  related data is shared by multiple application
  programs offers significant advantages over
  traditional file-based approach

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Table 5.1 Advantages of the Database Approach
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Table 5.1 Advantages of the Database Approach
(continued)
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Table 5.2 Disadvantages of the Database Approach
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Popular Database Management Systems

• Popular DBMSs for end users include Microsofts
  Access and Corels Paradox
• The complete database management software market
  includes databases by IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft
• Examples of open-source database systems
  PostgreSQL and MySQL
• Many traditional database programs are now
  available on open-source operating systems

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Database Applications Linking the Company
Database to the Internet

• Corporate databases can be accessed by customers,
  suppliers, and company employees through
• The Internet
• Intranets
• Extranets

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Table 5.8 Common Data-Mining Applications
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Data Resource Management

• Chapter 3

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What about this concerning DRM?

• I have traveled the length breadth of this
  country and talked with the best people, and I
  can assure you that data processing is a fad that
  wont last out the year.
• The editor in charge of business books for
  Prentice Hall (1957)

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What about this concerning DRM?

• It is a capital mistake to theorize before one
  has data.
• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1892)
• Sherlock Holmes

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Database Functions

• 1. Manage data storage
• AMR parent of Amer Airlines
• Teamed with IBM-1st airline reservation sys.
• Saabre
• Saabre became more valuable that the other assets
  of the co. including its planes.
• Spun it off as Saabre Holdings Corp.
• Has 4 times the stock value of AMR

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Database Functions

• 2. Transform data into information
• 3. Provide security Who has access. Part of
  Sarbox.
• 4. Allow multi-user access
• 5. Allow programming Query Lang. ability

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Data Resource Management

• Data is a resource
• Data must be organized (table)
• Data must be managed
• (backup retrieval
• Add records
• Delete records
• Business survival depends on information
  regarding internal external environ.

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Data Resource Management

• What is the external environment?
• Government Fed., state, city, county
• New laws, changes in laws, mandates, compliance
• World Economics
• Politics
• Competitors
• Demographics
• Suppliers
• Technology (hardware, software, etc.
• Customers

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Data Resource Management

• A managerial activity
• Applies IS technology to managing data resources
  to
• meet needs of business stakeholders.
• IS technology (from above)
• DBMS
• Data warehousing
• Data mining
• Center for Data Integrity (CDI)

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Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

• Database
• Integrated collection of logically related data
  elements
• Consolidates records into a common pool of data
  elements
• Data is independent of the application program
  using them and type of storage device

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Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

• Files (table)
• A group of related records
• Records
• Related fields of data
• Collection of attributes that describe an entity

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Foundation Data Concepts

• Levels of data
• Field
• Groupings of characters
• Represents an attribute of some entity
• Entity
• Person
• Place
• Object
• event
• Character
• Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol

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Logical Data Elements What are they?
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Logical Data Elements

• Compare the previous figure with the data that
  was organized before computers.
• Is that older system still used?
• Since data entry bookkeeping?
• Can you have more than one database in your
  organization? If so, why would you want this?
• One database1 or more tables
• Separate databases 1 or more tables

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Logical Data Elements

• Who will organize the data (database, tables,
  records, fields, entities) in your organization.
• 3rd generation language Very procedural
• 4th generation language managers can use it.
• Who will use the data in your organization?
• Who will maintain the data in your org.s
  database?

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Types of Databases

• Operational
• Supports business processes and operations
• Also called subject-area databases, transaction
  databases, and production databases
• Examples
• HR database
• Inventory database
• Customer database
• E-commerce databases

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Access. Example of operational DB that can be
created managed by small bus. or dept
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Types of Databases (continued)

• Distributed
• Replicated and distributed copies or parts of
  databases on network servers at a variety of
  sites.
• Network servers on the WWW.
• Intranets or extranets
• Replication -- Webopedia
• Done to improve database performance and security
• Performance example?

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Types of Databases (continued)

• Distributed Databases (continued)
• Challenge
• Ensuring all replicated data are consistently and
  concurrently updated
• Synchronization
• Novell NDSpartitioning
• Time on servers around the world can be a
  problem.
• Data log reports are very helpful

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Types of Databases (continued)

• External
• Available for a fee from commercial sources or
  with or without charge on the Internet or World
  Wide Web or your supplier DBs.
• Sources are almost endless
• External can be download into DBMS Remember that
  DBMS is a decision support tool. Example?
• Infor. From the DBMS can be downloaded in to a
  variety of applications for analysis.
• Excel. Also a decision support tool. Example?
• Database inform. can be accessed by Excel. Excel
  information can be accessed by DB.

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Data Warehouses and Data Mining

• Data warehouse
• Stores data extracted from operational, external,
  or other databases of an organization
• Central source of structured data
• May be subdivided into data marts
• Subsets of data that focus on specific aspects of
  the co., e.g., by department or process.

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Data warehouse

• Data acquisition
• This process includes activities
• Consolidating data from several sources
• Filtering out unwanted data
• Correcting incorrect data
• Converting data to new data types
• The data is then stored so that it can be moved
  into the enterprise warehouse

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Data Warehouse

• Enterprise warehouse
• Can then be moved into data marts or
• To analytical data stores
• Holds data in a more useful form for certain
  types of data so that it can be used by OLAP
  applications.
• Link to OLAP

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The Components of a Data Warehouse System
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Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)

• Data mining
• A major use of data warehouse databases
• Data is analyzed to reveal hidden correlations,
  patterns, and trends
• In vast amounts of data
• Usually several terabytes of data.
• 4, 000,000,000,000 bytes
• Its above gigabytes

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Data Mining (continued)

• Data mining software uses
• Advanced pattern recognition algorithms
• Variety of math statistical techniques
• To filter through data to extract previously
  unknown strategic business information.
• Examples
• New or change products
• New or change services
• Marketing activities
• Organizational change/process change

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Database Management Approach)

• DBMS serves as an interface between the users and
  databases.
• Controls how databases and objects are
• Created
• Interrogated
• Maintained
• So users can easily access the data in the
  database

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Database Management Approach Example
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Database Management Approach (continued)

• Database Management System
• Software interface between users and databases
• Controls creation, maintenance, and use of the
  database

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Database Management Approach (continued)

• Database Interrogation
• 3rd Generation. Programming languages
• 4th Generation. SQL and then QBE
• Query
• Supports ad hoc requests
• Can save queries
• Tells the software how you want to organize the
  data and what data that you want?
• QBE has a graphical user interface (GUI)

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SQL Natural Languages
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Queries

• A query lets you easily obtain immediate response
  to an hoc data requests.
• What is immediate?
• Can a query be save for future use? If so, give
  me an example.

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Example of Querying 2 Tables
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Database Management Approach (continued)

• Report Generator
• Turns results of a table or query into a useable
  report
• Can specify a report format.
• Examples of report formatting ???
• Can these report formats be saved ???
• Reports are linked to a table
• Can a report also be linked to a query ??? If
  so, why would you want to do this ???

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Access Report Generator
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Database Maintenance

• Database Maintenance
• What is this? 3 simple things that are imp.
• Add records
• Delete records
• Change the nature of records
• Why must this occur?
• Who does it, usually?

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Database Management Approach (continued)

• Application Development
• Function of a DBMS
• The DBMS has built-in software dev. tools
• To develop custom application programs
• Develop data entry screens
• Forms
• Reports
• Who does this?
• End users
• Systems analysts
• Application developers

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Implementing Data Resource Management

• Why is data resource management needed ???
• Link
• Data Resource Management includes
• DBMS
• Data planning
• Database Administration

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Data Resource Management
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• Database Administration
• Develop and maintain the data dictionary
• Design and monitor performance of databases
• Enforce database use and security standards

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Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)

• Data Planning
• Corporate planning and analysis function
• Developing the overall data architecture

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Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)

• Data Administration
• Standardize collection, storage, and
  dissemination of data to end users
• Focused on supporting business processes and
  strategic business objectives
• May include developing policy and setting
  standards

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Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)

• Challenges
• Technologically complex
• So difficult expensive
• What about recruiting tech. people
• What about the training of users
• Vast amounts of data to be managed
• Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and failures
• Scalability of your systems
• What about outsourcing?
• Data requirements are going to grow

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Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)

• Benefits
• Reduces the duplication of data
• Integrates data so that they can be accessed by
  multiple programs users
• Software is not dependent on the format of the
  data or type of secondary storage hardware
• Business professionals can use inquiry and
  reporting capabilities
• The security of data are increased. Access to
  data modification of data are controlled
  through the data admin. function

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Section II

• The remaining slides are from information from
  your text for Chapter 5

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Data Structures

• The relationships among the many individual data
  elements stored in databases are based on one of
  several logical data structures or models
• DBMS packages are designed to use a specific data
  structure to provide end users with quck easy
  acces to information stored in a DB.
• 5 database structures

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Database Structures

• Hierarchical
• Early mainframe DBMS packages used this
• Treelike or hierarchical
• All of the relationships are one-to-many
• Used for structured, routine types of transaction
  processing
• Not very flexible. One-to-many relationships
  only.

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Database Structures (continued)

• Network structure
• More complex
• Relationships must be specified in advance
• More flexible
• Many-to-many relationship
• More flexible but doesnt support ad hoc requests
  well

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Database Structures (continued)

• Relational structure
• Data elements stored in simple tables
• Relationships do not have to be specified when
  the database is created.
• Can link data elements from various tables
• Can create new tables of data relationships using
  parts of data from several tables.
• Very supportive of ad hoc requests but slower at
  processing large amounts of data than
  hierarchical or network models
• Easier to maintain

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Database Structures (continued)

• Multi-Dimensional structure
• A variation of the relational model
• Popular for online analytical processing (OLAP)
  applications
• Popular database structure for the analytical
  databases that support OLAP.

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Database Structures (continued)

• Object-oriented structure
• Key technology of a new generation of multimedia
  web-based applications
• Good for complex, high-volume applications
• OODB software is finding increasing use in
• Managing hypermedia databases on the
• Web
• Corporate intranets
• Corporate extranets

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Object-oriented structures (continued)

• OODBMS
• Can easily manage the access and storage of
  objects (subsets of Web pages)
• Document images
• Graphic images
• Video
• Audio
• Can do these more efficiently than relational
  DBMS

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• However, major relational DBMS vendors have
  countered by
• Adding object-oriented modules to their
  relational software.
• IBMs DB2
• Oracless object based cartridges

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Accessing Databases

• Key fields (primary key)
• A field unique to each record so it can be
  distinguished from all other records in a table
• Each table in a relational database must contain
  a primary key.
• This field uniquely identifies each record in a
  file and must also be found in other related
  tables
• So that you could be provided with information
  from 2 or more tables by joining the tables and
  retrieving infor. You want.

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Accessing Databases (continued)

• Sequential access
• Too slow to handle applications requiring
  immediate updating or responses
• Direct access
• Data Dictionary

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Database Development

• Who can database administrators be in DBMS
  packages like MS Access or Lotus Approach?
• Large organizations
• DBAs and data design analyst and other database
  specialists
• For integrity and security
• Work with end users and systems analysts
• Data Planning Database Design
• Planning Design Process
• Enterprise model
• Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)
• Data modeling
• Develop logical framework for the physical design

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Case for Chapter 3Sherwin-Williams Krispy Kreme

• 1. What type of data did both companies need to
  collect?
• 2. What was this information made up of?
• Who were the customers of Krispy Kreme?
• Who were the customers of Sherwin-Wms?
• 3. Is there a need to collect external data on
  other than your customers?
• We will have a project on collecting external
  information into a decision support system and
  modeling the information for analyis.

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Case for Chapter 3Sherwin-Williams Krispy Kreme

• 4. Why has external data in corporate data
  warehouses increased so much over the last few
  years?
• 5. It is very simple to integrate external data
  into your databases. ??? True or False
• 6. Most of the external data that is available
  for purchase is reliable. ??? True or False
• 7. How does S-W collect its external data ???
• 8. How does KK collect its data ???

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Case for Chapter 3Sherwin-Williams Krispy Kreme

• 9. Krispy Kreme used a 3rd party to collect
  external data. What were some stated advantages
  ???
• 10. What challenges in acquiring and using data
  from external sources are identified in this
  case?
• 11. Do you prefer either of the companys
  external data gathering approach ??? Why