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Title: Advanced Placement U.S. History


1
Causes of the Civil War
  • Advanced Placement U.S. History

2
Summary
  • The Civil War was not simply a war that began in
    the middle of the 19th Century, but rather began
    with the inception of the United States
    government and its various policies.
  • The North and South developed as two very
    distinct regions with their own ideologies
    pertaining to economics, social mores, and
    political leadership.

3
North and South
  • THE NORTH
  • The North developed with a capitalist economic
    base, where free labor was not acceptable.
  • Immigration flowed into the North, where 19th
    century factory workers made textiles for the
    international market
  • The Common Man was revered after the Jacksonian
    era,yet there was social stratification that
    divided the rich from the working poor.
  • Social and religious movements worked to end the
    existing slave system to the south.
  • THE SOUTH
  • The South developed a farming economy, with the
    majority of the wealth coming from cotton
    production, and the free labor system that worked
    to produce the cotton.
  • Politically the region was adamant about states
    rights, the right to property, and right to
    nullify federal law.
  • During the 19th century the area is predominantly
    rural and does not experience the
    industrialization of the North, however is an
    economically successful region.
  • Socially there is an aristocratic-like hierarchy
    that believes in honor, pride, and tradition.

4
Part I Political Events Leading to the Civil
War
  • Constitution of the United States
  • Missouri Compromise, 1820
  • Wilmot Proviso, 1846
  • Compromise of 1850
  • Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • Dred Scott Decision, 1857

5
Constitution of the United States
  • 1. Constitution of the United States, 1787
  • The Constitution of the United States never
    mentions the word slavery but there are
    articles and clauses that ensure the right to
    property.
  • Use Doc. A to find information about the
    constitutional compromises for slavery

View of Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 1780s.
Courtesy of National Archives
6
2. Missouri Compromise, 1820
  • With the country expanding westward following the
    Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the issue of slavery
    moving into the new territories became an issue
    in Congress.
  • The slavery issue was not a moral discussion as
    it was a representation issue as more slave
    states entered the union, it would lessen the
    impact of the issues the free states brought
    Congress.

Henry Clay, The Great Pacificator
7
Map of the Missouri Compromise
  1. What is the status of Missouri when it enters
    into the Union?
  2. What allows the compromise to occur?
  3. Where is the geographic border established
    between free and slave states?

8
Compromise of 1820
http//www.learner.org/biographyofamerica/prog10/f
eature/index.html
9
3. Wilmot Proviso, 1846
  • In 1846 as the United States became embroiled in
    a war with Mexico, David Wilmot, a Pennsylvania
    Congressman brought forth the idea that any land
    gained from the conflict should remain free from
    slavery.
  • Read Doc. B and discuss what the Southern
    response would be to a suggestion like this.

David Wilmot
10
4. Compromise of 1850
  • Following the Mexican American War the U.S.
    settles the issue of slavery in the newly
    acquired territory with the Compromise of 1850.
  • These 3 men brought their regional issues to the
    government in their last debate as long time
    congressmen.
  • Who are they?
  • What region do each represent?

11
What the Compromise Says
  1. California will be entered as a free state, but
    other former Mexican territories will determine
    slavery issue through popular sovereignty.
  2. Texas is admitted as a slave state, but ceded New
    Mexico Territory in return for its 10 million in
    debts to be paid by the federal government
  3. Slave trade is ended in the District of Columbia

12
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13
5. Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • Based on the proposal by Stephen Douglas that the
    territory of Kansas and Nebraska be entered into
    the Union under the principle of popular
    sovereignty.
  • This measure became a divisive move, which killed
    the Whig party and hurt the Democrats.
  • Bleeding Kansas The Kansas territory erupted in
    violence in 1854.

14
6. Dred Scott Decision,1857
  • Dred Scott sued the government for his freedom
    and that of his family after he had been
    relocated into free territory.
  • The Supreme Court determined.

15

16
Part II Social Movements Leading To the Civil War
  • Abolitionist Movement
  • Uncle Toms Cabin
  • Preston Brooks vs. Charles Sumner
  • John Browns Raid

17
1. Abolitionist Movement
  • Religious and social movements to end slavery
    occurred throughout American history. Leaders in
    the Nineteenth century movements include William
    Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Harriet
    Beecher, and Harriet Tubman. The abolitionists
    worked to show the immoral, antichristian,
    anti-democratic message that slavery voiced.
  • While abolitionists worked to end slavery,
    southern proslavery voices discussed the positive
    effects of slavery on slaves.

18
2. Uncle Toms Cabin"So you're the little woman
who wrote the book that started this Great
War!Abraham Lincoln
  • The book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe caused
    great controversy among the sections. It was read
    by thousands, and was used as a great
    abolitionist tool.
  • Why do you think the book was so effective?

19
3. Congressional Violence
  • In 1856, the Senate floor was the epitome of the
    climate in the country and the sectional divide
    that was becoming so clear.
  • Preston Brooks of South Carolina attacked Charles
    Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane after Sumner
    had insulted Brooks uncle.
  • To Sumner this was the Southern temperament, to
    Brooks, he was defending his familys honor.

Senator Brooks canes Senator Sumner to near death
20
4. John Browns Raid
  • Anti Slavery vigilante, John Brown, led a
    murderous raid through Kansas in 1856.
  • In 1859 he planned to raid the South and incite a
    massive slave rebellion. His plan took form at
    Harpers Ferry, Virginia by taking over the
    federal arsenal. It was an unsuccessful raid
    leading to his conviction and death.
  1. How did Northerners react to John Browns Raid?
  2. What was Southern reaction?

21
John Browns Raid

American painter John Stuart Curry's mural,
Tragic Prelude, depicts abolitionist John Brown
during the "Bleeding Kansas" decade of the 1850s.
22
Industrialization of the North
  • American System of Manufactures
  • Putting Out System-Commercialization
  • Free Labor
  • Factory system- textile mills Lowell, MA
  • Growth of Cities and Immigrant populations
  • The market revolution of the nineteenth century
    incorporating all the previously mentioned
    components worked to transform the way people
    worked, lived, and in time thought about American
    ideals, values, and lifestyle.

23
The Transportation Revolution
  • The building of the Erie Canal (1825), the
    National Road (1808), and the improvements in the
    steamboat and railroad allowed Americans to see
    beyond their provincial lives and belong to a
    national community.
  • Effects of this transportation revolution
    evidenced a shift in national politics the
    linking of the North with points West rather than
    with the South marked a distinct shift in
    political alliances.

24
Economic Causes of the Civil War
  • Tariff of 1816, 1824
  • Tariff of Abominations
  • Issue of Nullification

25
Tariff of 1816 and Tariff of 1824
  • Tariff of 1816
  • This was the first substantial protective tariff
    in United States History it taxed imported
    woolens and cotton, iron, leather, hats, paper,
    and sugar
  • Following the War of 1812 and the lift on the
    embargo on British goods, American manufacturers
    complained that the British were dumping goods
    into U.S. markets that were below cost to
    deliberately hurt American growth.
  • The government responded with the tariff
  • Tariff of 1824
  • Southern politicians voted for the Tariff of 1816
    believing it was a temporary measure, however in
    1824 the government raised tariff rates higher
    and included more goods under the tariff.
  • Southern cotton farmers feared their chief
    export, cotton, would in turn be taxed by
    countries abroad in retaliation for the American
    tariffs

26
Tariff of Abominations
  • The Tariff of 1828 was a dividing factor between
    Northern and Southern politicians for these
    reasons
  • It imposed especially high tariffs on imported
    textiles and iron
  • Southerners in Congress lacked the majority to
    block the measure and became increasingly aware
    that their regional interests would be ignored by
    the national political scene.
  • Southern opponents insisted that the tariff was
    unconstitutional because it was not a national
    measure but a sectional one, helping certain
    interests while harming others.

27
Nullification
  • The economic provisions enacted by Congress to
    protect American manufacturers led to a political
    discussion between Southern politicians who
    feared the national governments power to change
    the climate of the South politically,
    economically, and socially.
  • Led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, the
    state claimed that they had the right to
    nullify or make void any national legislation
    that was in the best interest of an individual
    state. Therefore South Carolina could ignore the
    tariffs and allow duty free shipping into ports
    like Charlestown.
  • Southerners belief in nullification will again be
    raised when the issue of slavery and its
    expansion become a national issue.

28
Immediate Cause of The Civil War
  • 1860 Abraham Lincoln is elected President
  • December 20, 1860 South Carolina Secedes from the
    Union
  • The Irrepressible Conflict has begun
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