Parameter Kehidupan Hewan (Study tentang Kehidupan)

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Parameter Kehidupan Hewan (Study tentang
Kehidupan)

• MK. BIOLOGI FAPET UB

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Levels of Biological Organization

• Organisms
• Populations
• Communities
• Ecosystems
• The Biosphere

• Molecules
• Organelles
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs Organ Systems

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PARAMETER KEHIDUPAN

• 1. Organization
• 2.Metabolism
• 3. Homeostasis
• 4. Evolutionary adaptation
• 5. Growth and development
• 6. Response to stimuli
• 7. Reproduction
• 8. Respiratory

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1. Organization
The cell is the basic structural and functional
unit of the organism. The cell is the lowest
level structure, which is able to carry out all
life processes. Unicellular organism Single
cell Bacteria and Protista - Amoebas
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Multicellular organisms Structure and function
are interrelated at all levels of organisation.
Form fits function.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Caenorhabditis
elegans Xenopus laevis Drosophila melanogaster
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• 2. Metabolism
• Organisms are open systems
• the flow of energy photosynthesis in producers
  (plants, algae (photosynthetic protist), some
  bacteria) converts solar energy into energy of
  chemical bonds for consumers (animal feeding on
  plants)
• CELLS manage endless belt of chemical reactions,
  chemicals and energy is converted into cellular
  components

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The cell compose, decompose and alter nutritive
substances as aminoacids, lipids, sugars,
nucleotides, proteins and other.

• Catabolic reactions degradation of nutrients
  to small molecules the cell use some of them as
  building stones,
• useful form of energy is released
• Anabolic reactions use the same energy for
  biosynthesis

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3. Homeostasis regulation of the internal
environment to maintain a constant state
Temperature, water, pH, electrolytes Regulators
try to maintain the parameter at a constant
level over possibly wide ambient environmental
variations. endothermic animals - mammals and
birds Conformers allow the environment to
determine the parameter. exothermic (both
ectotherm and poikilotherm) reptiles and some
sea animals
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Many biological processes are self-regulating,
they operate by a mechanism called feedback, in
which an output or product regulates that
process. Negative feedback inhibition, level of
glucose and insulin
temperature in birds and mammals
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Positive feedback - blood precipitation, the
function of
blood platelets
Schema to illustrate the positive feedback loop
(heavy arrows) whereby activated platelets
accelerate thrombin generation, and thrombin in
turn increases platelet aggregation.
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5. Evolutionary adaptation Evolution is the
fundamental theme of biology. The ability to
change over a period of time in response to the
environment. This ability is fundamental to the
process of evolution .
Ursus arctos horribilis
Ursus maritimus
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• 4. Growth and development
• Maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism than
  catabolism. A growing organism increases in size
  in all of its parts, rather than simply
  accumulating matter.
• Cell growth proliferation cell development
  and division

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• Bacterial growth is binary fission, bacterial
  growth in batch culture
• can be modeled with four different phases

Kingdom Protista Subkingdom Protozoa Phylum
Ciliophora Paramecium - binary fission
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• 6. Response to stimuli
• can take many forms
• the contraction of a unicellular organism to
  external chemicals
• complex reactions involving all the senses of
  multicellular organisms
• A response is expressed by motion,
• for example, the leaves of a plant
• turning toward the sun (phototropism)
• and by chemotaxis.

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7. Reproduction The ability to produce new
individual organisms, either asexually from a
single parent organism, or sexually from two
parent organisms. Asexual reproduction is not
limited to single-celled organisms. Most plants
have the ability to reproduce asexually. - binary
fission- Bacteria - budding - yeasts and Hydras
(invertebrates of the order Hydroidea)
budding yeast (arrows)
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Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some
species, including lower plants (where it is
called apomixis), invertebrates (e.g. water
fleas, some bees and parasitic wasps), and
vertebrates (e.g. some reptiles, fish, and very
rarely, birds and sharks).
Wingless female giving birth Aphis Aphid Green-fly
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baby hammerhead
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Sexual reproduction by combination of genetic
material contributed from two different members
of the species Each contributes half of the
offspring's genetic makeup by creating haploid
gametes. In anisogamous species, the two sexes
are referred to as male (producing sperm or
microspores) and female (producing ova or
megaspores).
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Sexually reproducing organisms have two sets of
genes for every trait (called alleles).
Offspring inherit one allele for each trait from
each parent, thereby ensuring that offspring have
a combination of the parents' genes.
Autogamy Self-fertilization (also known as
autogamy) occurs in hermaphroditic
organisms Allogamy describing the fertilization
of an ovum from one individual with the
spermatozoa of another.
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Characteristics of the living systems

• high organization, orderliness
• dynamic system, maintain homeostasis
• metabolism - ability of energy consumption and
  transformation
• grow in terms of kind
• ability of development and adaptation
  
• in time evolutional
  adaptation
• answer to outer stimulus - opened system exchange
  of molecules and energy
• ability of reproduction, life come from life

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Thank you for your attention
Campbell, Neil A., Reece, Jane B., Cain Michael
L., Jackson, Robert B., Minorsky, Peter V.,
Biology, Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company,
1996 2010.
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