Body Organization

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Body Organization
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Multimedia Directory

• Slide 22 Muscle Contraction Animation
• Slide 33 Neuron Animation
• Slide 41 Cardiovascular System Animation
• Slide 44 Lymphatic System Animation
• Slide 46 Respiratory System Animation
• Slide 48 Digestive System Animation
• Slide 50 Urinary System Animation
• Slide 52 Female Reproductive System Animation
• Slide 54 Male Reproductive System Animation
• Slide 56 Endocrine System Animation
• Slide 58 Nervous System Animation
• Slide 60 Eye Anatomy Animation
• Slide 62 Ear Anatomy Animation

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Body Organization At A Glance

• The body is organized into levels
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Systems
• Body

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Body Organization At A Glance

• Each level is built from the one below it
• Body as a whole is composed of systems
• A system is composed of organs
• An organ is composed of tissues
• A tissue is composed of cells

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Body Organization Illustrated
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Body Organization Combining Forms

• abdomin/o abdomen
• adip/o fat
• anter/o front
• brachi/o arm
• cardi/o heart
• caud/o tail
• cephal/o head
• cervic/o neck

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Body Organization Combining Forms

• chondr/o cartilage
• crani/o skull
• crin/o to secrete
• crur/o leg
• cyt/o cell
• dermat/o skin
• dist/o away from
• dors/o back of body

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Body Organization Combining Forms

• enter/o small intestine
• epitheli/o epithelium
• gastr/o stomach
• glute/o buttock
• gynec/o woman
• hemat/o blood
• hist/o tissue
• immun/o protection

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Body Organization Combining Forms

• infer/o below
• laryng/o larynx
• later/o side
• lumb/o loin
• lymph/o lymph
• medi/o middle
• muscul/o muscle
• nephr/o kidney

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Body Organization Combining Forms

• neur/o nerve
• ophthalm/o eye
• ot/o ear
• pelv/o pelvis
• peritone/o peritoneum
• pleur/o pleura
• poster/o back
• proct/o rectum and anus

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Body Organization Combining Forms

• proxim/o near to
• pub/o genital region
• pulmon/o lung
• rhin/o nose
• spin/o spine
• super/o above
• thorac/o chest
• ur/o urine

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Body Organization Combining Forms

• vascul/o blood vessel
• ventr/o belly
• vertebr/o vertebra
• viscer/o internal organ

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Body Organization Suffixes

• -ac pertaining to
• -al pertaining to
• -ar pertaining to
• -ary pertaining to
• -atic pertaining to
• -iac pertaining to
• -ic pertaining to
• -ior pertaining to

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Body Organization Suffixes

• -logy study of
• -ose resembling

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Body Organization Prefixes

• endo- within
• epi- above
• hypo- under
• peri- around
• retro- behind

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Levels of Body Organization

• Cells form tissues
• Tissues form organs
• Organs form systems
• Systems form whole body

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Cells
-logy
Cyt/o
cytology

• cyt/o -logy cytology
• The study of cells and their function

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Cells

• Fundamental unit of life
• Has all properties of being alive
• Responds to stimuli
• Engages in metabolic activity
• Reproduces itself
• All tissues and organs in body formed of cells

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Cells

• Individual cells perform functions for body
• Reproduction
• Hormone secretion
• Energy production
• Excretion

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Cells

• Special cells carry out very specific functions
• Muscle contraction
• Electrical impulse transmission

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Cells

• Cells come in different sizes and shapes
• But all cells,at some point of their life cycle,
  have
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane

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Muscle Contraction Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation
  showing muscle contraction.

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Figure 2.1Examples of four different types of
cells from the body illustrating the differences
in shape.
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Tissues
-logy
hist/o
histology

• hist/o -logy histology
• The study of tissue
• Formed when like cells are grouped together to
  perform an activity
• Four types of tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Nervous tissue

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Muscle Tissue

• Produces movement in body by contracting
• Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle
  fibers

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Muscle Tissue

• Three basic types of muscles
• Skeletal muscle
• attached to bones
• Smooth muscle
• internal organs like intestine and uterus
• Cardiac muscle
• only in the heart

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Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
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Epithelial Tissue

• Known as epithelium
• Found as lining for internal organs and covering
  for the skin
• Close-packed cells that function to
• Form a protective barrier skin
• Absorb lining of intestine
• Secrete sweat glands
• Excrete wastes kidney tubules

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Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
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Connective Tissue

• Supports and protects
• Function depends on location
• Many different forms
• Adipose
• Bone
• Cartilage
• Tendons

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Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
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Nervous Tissue

• Composed of cells called neurons
• Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Allows for conduction of electrical impulses
  between brain and rest of the body

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Neuron Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation
  showing neurons.

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Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
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Organs

• Composed of several types of tissue
• Work together as a unit
• Perform special functions
• Example stomach contains
• Muscle fibers
• Nerve tissues
• Epithelial tissue

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Systems

• Composed of several organs working together in
  coordinated manner
• Perform complex functions
• Example stomach plus other digestive organs
  including mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas,
  small intestine, and colon work together to break
  down, digest, and absorb food

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Integumentary System

• Two-way barrier and temperature regulation
• Organs
• Skin
• Hair
• Nails
• Sweat glands
• Sebaceous glands

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Musculoskeletal System Skeleton

• Supports and protects body, forms blood cells,
  stores minerals
• Organs
• Bones
• Joints

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Musculoskeletal System Muscles

• Produce movement
• Organs
• Muscles

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Cardiovascular System

• Pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and
  wastes
• Organs
• Heart
• Arteries
• Veins

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Cardiovascular System Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the cardiovascular system.

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Blood (Hematic System)

• Transports oxygen, protects, and controls
  bleeding
• Organs
• Plasma
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Platelets

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Lymphatic System

• Protects body
• Organs
• Lymph nodes
• Lymphatic vessels
• Spleen
• Thymus gland
• Tonsils

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Lymphatic System Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the lymphatic system.

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Respiratory System

• Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
• Organs
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial tubes
• Lungs

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Respiratory System Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the respiratory system.
• The animation may take a moment before playing.

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Gastrointestinal System

• Ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients
• Organs
• Oral cavity
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Colon
• Liver gallbladder
• Pancreas

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Digestive System Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the digestive system.

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Urinary System

• Filters waste and removes from body
• Organs
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

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Urinary System Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the urinary system.
• The animation may take a moment before playing.

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Female Reproductive System

• Produces eggs and provides place for baby
• Organs
• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina
• Vulva
• Breast

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Female Reproductive System Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the female reproductive system.

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Male Reproductive System

• Produces sperm
• Organs
• Testes
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Penis
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate glans
• Bulbourethral glands

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Male Reproductive System Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the male reproductive system.

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Endocrine System

• Regulates metabolic activity
• Organs
• Pituitary gland
• Pineal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Thymus gland
• Pancreas
• Adrenal glands
• Ovaries testes

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Endocrine System Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the endocrine system.

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Nervous System

• Receives sensory information and coordinates
  response
• Organs
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves

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Nervous System Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the nervous system.
• The animation may take a moment before playing.

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Special Senses Eye

• Vision
• Organs
• Eyes

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Eye Anatomy Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the eye.

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Special Senses Ear

• Hearing and balance
• Organs
• Ears

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Ear Anatomy Animation

• Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
  the ear.

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Building Body System Terms

• Cardiovascular
• Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
• Muscular
• Pertaining to muscles

cardi/o
vascul/o
-ar
muscul/o
-ar
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Building Body System Terms

• Lymphatic
• Pertaining to lymph
• Hematic
• Pertaining to blood

-atic
lymph/o
-ic
hemat/o
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Medical Specialties by System

• Integumentary
• Musculoskeletal
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Blood
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory

• Dermatology
• Orthopedics, Orthopedic Surgery
• Endocrinology
• Cardiology
• Hematology
• Immunology
• Otorhinolaryngology, Pulmonology, Thoracic Surgery

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Medical Specialties by System

• Digestive
• Urinary
• Female Reproductive
• Male Reproductive
• Nervous
• Eye
• Ear

• Gastroenterology
• Proctology
• Urology
• Gynecology, Obstetrics
• Urology
• Neurology
• Neurosurgery
• Ophthalmology
• Otorhinolaryngology

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Building Medical Specialty Terms

• Gastroenterology
• Study of stomach and small intestine
• Gynecology
• Study of the female

-logy
gastr/o
-logy
gynec/o
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Building Medical Specialty Terms

• Ophthalmology
• Study of the eye
• Dermatology
• Study of the skin

-logy
ophthalm/o
-logy
dermat/o
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Anatomical Position

• Used when describing positions relationships of
  structures in body
• Assume person is in anatomical position even if
  body or parts of the body are in other positions

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Anatomical Position

• Standing erect
• Arms at side of body
• Palms facing forward
• Eyes straight forward
• Legs are parallel
• Feet and toes pointing forward

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Body Planes

• Used to assist in describing the body and its
  parts
• Three planes
• Sagittal plane
• Frontal plane
• Transverse plane

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Sagittal Plane

• Also called median plane
• Vertical plane
• Runs lengthwise from front to back
• Divides body into left and right portions
• Cut along sagittal plane yields a sagittal section

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Frontal Plane

• Also called coronal plane
• Vertical plane
• Runs lengthwise from side to side
• Divides body into front and back positions

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Frontal Plane

• Cut along frontal plane yields a frontal section
  or coronal section

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Transverse Plane

• Also called horizontal plane
• Crosswise plane, runs parallel to the ground
• Divides body into upper and lower portions

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Transverse Plane

• Cut along transverse plane yields a transverse
  section

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Additional Sections

• Cross-section
• Produced by slice perpendicular to long axis of
  structure
• Longitudinal section
• Produced by lengthwise slice along long axis of
  structure

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Body Regions

• Cephalic head
• Cervical neck
• Brachial arm
• Crural leg

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Regions of the Trunk (torso)

• Anterior trunk
• Thoracic chest
• Abdominal
• Pelvic
• Pubic genitals
• Posterior trunk
• Dorsum back
• Vertebral
• Gluteal buttocks

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Figure 2.5Anterior and posterior regions of the
body.
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Building Body Region Terms

• Cervical
• Pertaining to the neck
• Cephalic
• Pertaining to the head

-al
cervic/o
-ic
cephal/o
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Building Body Region Terms

• Brachial
• Pertaining to the arm
• Thoracic
• Pertaining to the chest

-al
brachi/o
-ic
thorac/o
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Body Cavities

• Body is not solid structure has many open spaces
  or cavities
• Two dorsal cavities
• Cranial cavity
• Spinal cavity
• Two ventral cavities
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity

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Dorsal Cavities

• Cranial cavity
• Contains brain
• Spinal cavity
• Contains spinal cord

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Thoracic Cavity

• Contains
• Two lungs
• Central mediastinum

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Thoracic Cavity

• Mediastinum contains
• Heart
• Aorta
• Esophagus
• Trachea
• Thymus gland

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
• Superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic
  cavity
• Contain digestive, excretory, and reproductive
  organs

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Figure 2.6The dorsal (red) and ventral (blue)
body cavities.
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Viscera Encased in Sac

• Double layered membranous sac
• Parietal layer outer layer that lines cavities
• Visceral layer inner layer that contacts
  viscera
• Called pleura in thoracic cavity
• Called peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity

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Subdivisions of Pleura

• Pleural cavity
• Surrounds the lungs
• Pericardial cavity
• Surrounds the heart

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Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen

• Upper row regions
• Hypochondriac
• Epigastric
• Middle row regions
• Lumbar
• Umbilical
• Lower row regions
• Inguinal
• Hypogastric

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Table 2.3, Figure AThe anatomical divisions of
the abdomen.
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Clinical Divisions of Abdomen

• Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

• Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

• Majority of liver
• Gallbladder
• Small portion of pancreas
• Small intestine
• Colon

• Small intestine
• Colon
• Right ovary
• Right fallopian tube
• Appendix
• Right ureter

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Clinical Divisions of Abdomen

• Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

• Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

• Small portion of liver
• Spleen
• Stomach
• Majority of pancreas
• Small intestine
• Colon

• Small intestine
• Colon
• Left ovary
• Left fallopian tube
• Left ureter

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Table 2.3, Figure BThe clinical divisions of the
abdomen.
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Directional Terms

• Assist medical personnel in position or location
  of patients complaint
• Help to describe one process, organ, or system as
  it relates to another
• They are listed in pairs that have opposite
  meanings in following table

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Directional Terms

• Superior or cephalic
• More towards head
• Inferior or caudal
• More towards feet
• Anterior or ventral
• More towards front or belly-side of body

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Directional Terms

• Posterior or dorsal
• More towards back or spinal cord side of body

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Directional Terms

• Medial
• More towards middle
• Lateral
• More towards side
• Proximal
• Nearer to the point of attachment to body
• Distal
• Farther away from point of attachment to body

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Figure 2.7Anterior and lateral views of the body
illustrating directional terms.
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Directional Terms

• Apex
• Tip or summit of organ
• Base
• Bottom or lower part of an organ
• Superficial
• More towards surface of body
• Deep
• Further away from surface of body

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Supine

• Supine lying horizontally facing upward

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Figure 2.8AThe supine position.
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Prone

• Prone lying horizontally facing downward

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Figure 2.8BThe prone position.
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Building Directional Terms

• Superior
• Pertaining to being above
• Lateral
• Pertining to the side

-ior
super/o
-al
later/o
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Building Directional Terms

• Anterior
• Pertaining to the front
• Dorsal
• Pertaining to the back of the body

-ior
anter/o
-al
dors/o
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Body Organization Abbreviations
AP anteroposterior
CV cardiovascular
ENT ear, nose, and throat
GI gastrointestinal
GYN gynecology
lat lateral
LE lower extremity (leg)
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Body Organization Abbreviations
LLQ left lower quadrant
LUQ left upper quadrant
MS musculoskeletal
OB obstetrics
PA posteroanterior
RLQ right lower quadrant
RUQ right upper quadrant
UE upper extremity (arm)
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Combining Forms Match Up

• adip/o
• caud/o
• crur/o
• glute/o
• hist/o

1. tissue
2. leg
3. tail
4. fat
5. buttock

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Classroom Response System
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Pop Question 1

• Organs are formed from
• Tissues
• Cells
• Systems
• Molecules

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Answer 1

• Organs are formed from
• Tissues
• Cells
• Systems
• Molecules

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Pop Question 2

• Which of the following is NOT always found in a
  cell?
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
• Ribosome

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Answer 2

• Which of the following is NOT always found in a
  cell?
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
• Ribosome

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Pop Question 3

• Which type of tissue is designed to conduct
  electrical impulses?
• Nervous
• Muscle
• Connective
• Epithelial

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Answer 3

• Which type of tissue is designed to conduct
  electrical impulses?
• Nervous
• Muscle
• Connective
• Epithelial

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Pop Question 4

• Which of the following is NOT a type of
  connective tissue?
• Bone
• Skin
• Cartilage
• Adipose

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Answer 4

• Which of the following is NOT a type of
  connective tissue?
• Bone
• Skin
• Cartilage
• Adipose

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Pop Question 5

• Which type of muscle tissue is found in internal
  organs?
• Smooth muscle
• Skeletal muscle
• Striated muscle
• Cardiac muscle

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Answer 5

• Which type of muscle tissue is found in internal
  organs?
• Smooth muscle
• Skeletal muscle
• Striated muscle
• Cardiac muscle

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Pop Question 6

• Which organ system contains the stomach?
• Respiratory
• Immune
• Digestive
• Integumentary

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Answer 6

• Which organ system contains the stomach?
• Respiratory
• Immune
• Digestive
• Integumentary

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Pop Question 7

• Which organ is found in the endocrine system?
• Uterus
• Thyroid gland
• Heart
• Sweat glands

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Answer 7

• Which organ is found in the endocrine system?
• Uterus
• Thyroid gland
• Heart
• Sweat glands

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Pop Question 8

• Which of the following does NOT describe part of
  the anatomical position?
• Gazing upward
• Palms facing forward
• Standing erect
• Arms at the side of the body

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Answer 8

• Which of the following does NOT describe part of
  the anatomical position?
• Gazing upward
• Palms facing forward
• Standing erect
• Arms at the side of the body

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Pop Question 9

• Which body plane is also called the coronal
  plane?
• Transverse plane
• Median plane
• Sagittal plane
• Frontal plane

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Answer 9

• Which body plane is also called the coronal
  plane?
• Transverse plane
• Median plane
• Sagittal plane
• Frontal plane

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Pop Question 10

• Which plane divides the body into left and right
  portions?
• Sagittal plane
• Frontal plane
• Coronal plane
• Transverse plane

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Answer 10

• Which plane divides the body into left and right
  portions?
• Sagittal plane
• Frontal plane
• Coronal plane
• Transverse plane

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Pop Question 11

• What area of the body is found in the brachial
  region?
• Leg
• Arm
• Back
• Head

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Answer 11

• What area of the body is found in the brachial
  region?
• Leg
• Arm
• Back
• Head

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Pop Question 12

• The neck is called the
• Cephalic region
• Abdominal region
• Gluteal region
• Cervical region

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Answer 12

• The neck is called the
• Cephalic region
• Abdominal region
• Gluteal region
• Cervical region

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Pop Question 13

• The membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
  is called the
• Peritoneum
• Diaphragm
• Pleura
• Pericardium

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Answer 13

• The membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
  is called the
• Peritoneum
• Diaphragm
• Pleura
• Pericardium

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Pop Question 14

• Which of the following is NOT a ventral body
  cavity?
• Thoracic
• Spinal
• Abdominal
• Pelvic

139
Answer 14

• Which of the following is NOT a ventral body
  cavity?
• Thoracic
• Spinal
• Abdominal
• Pelvic

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Pop Question 15

• Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
• Pelvic cavity
• Cranial cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Thoracic cavity

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Answer 15

• Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
• Pelvic cavity
• Cranial cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Thoracic cavity

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Pop Question 16

• Which direction term is interchangeable with
  inferior?
• Caudal
• Anterior
• Dorsal
• Medial

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Answer 16

• Which direction term is interchangeable with
  inferior?
• Caudal
• Anterior
• Dorsal
• Medial

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Pop Question 17

• Which directional term refers to the side?
• Proximal
• Lateral
• Distal
• Dorsal

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Answer 17

• Which directional term refers to the side?
• Proximal
• Lateral
• Distal
• Dorsal

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Pop Question 18

• The term prone refers to lying horizontally face
  down.
• True
• False

147
Answer 18

• The term prone refers to lying horizontally face
  down.
• True
• False

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Pop Question 19

• In the Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen, name
  the middle area of the top row.
• Hypogastric
• Iliac
• Umbilical
• Epigastric

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Answer 19

• In the Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen, name
  the middle area of the top row.
• Hypogastric
• Iliac
• Umbilical
• Epigastric

150
Pop Question 20

• Which Clinical Division of the Abdomen contains
  the majority of the liver?
• LUQ
• RUQ
• LLQ
• RLQ

151
Answer 20

• Which Clinical Division of the Abdomen contains
  the majority of the liver?
• LUQ
• RUQ
• LLQ
• RLQ