Chapter 5 Section I: Philosophy in the Age of Reason

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Chapter 5Section I Philosophy in the Age of
Reason
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Scientific Revolution

• 1500s 1600s transformed the way people in
  Europe looked at the world
• NATURAL LAW rules discoverable by reason
• Natural law used to understand social,
  economical, and political problems.
• Scientific Revolution ? ENLIGHTENMENT

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HOBBES LOCKE

• Both 17th century English thinkers
• Set forth ideas that were the key to the
  Enlightenment era
• Both men lived through the English Civil War
  (Cavaliers vs. Roundheads)
• BUT, two very different ideas about human nature
  and the role of government

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Hobbes Locke

• Two Treatises of Government
• People were reasonable and moral
• NATURAL RIGHTS
• Absolute Monarch ?
• People have the right to overthrow the government
  if it fails its obligations!!!!!

• Leviathan
• People were naturally cruel, greedy, selfish
• SOCIAL CONTRACT
• Powerful government ?
• Absolute Monarch ?

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MONTESQUIEU

• Studied many forms of government culture
• Absolute Monarch ? ? BAD!
• The Spirit of Laws (1748)
• Separation of Powers Legislative, Executive,
  Judicial
• Checks Balances

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VOLTAIRE

• FREEDOM OF SPEECH !!!
• Exposed the abuses of government
• Very outspoken
• Battled inequality and injustice
• Imprisoned twice

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DIDEROT

• Encyclopedia 28-volume set of books
• Wanted to change the general way of thinking.
• 4,000 copies printed ? helped spread
  Enlightenment Ideas
• French government saw Encyclopedia as a threat!

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ROUSSEAU

• Similar ideas as Locke
• People were basically good and only corrupted by
  the evils of society
• Thomas Paine Marquis de Lafayette adopted
  their ideas
• The Social Contract
• HATED ALL FORMS OF OPPRESSION

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WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS

• Womens rights were limited to home and family
• Women were excluded from the SOCIAL CONTRACT
• WOLLSTONECRAFT A Vindication of the Rights of
  Woman
• Argued for equal education

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CHAPTER 5, SECTION 2

• As Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, what
  cultural and political changes took place?

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Enlightenment Ideas Spread

• Paris, France Heart of Enlightenment
• Ideas flowed from France, across Europe, and
  beyond

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New Ideas Challenge Society

• More and more, people saw that reform was
  necessary in order to achieve a just society.
• Prior to Enlightenment, most Europeans accepted
  without question, a society based on divine-right
  rule and a strict class system

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CENSORSHIP

• Most government and church officials felt it was
  their duty to defend the old order. (Believed
  that God set up the old order)
• They waged a war of censorship restricting
  access to ideas and information
• Books were burned and banned writers were
  imprisoned.
• To avoid censorship, writers often disguised
  their ideas in works of fiction.

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SALONS

• New literature, the arts, science and philosophy
  were regular topics of discussion in the salons.
• SALONS informal social gatherings where ideas
  were exchanged

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Arts Literature Reflect New Ideas

• ARTS
• 1600s 1700s, arts evolved to meet changing
  tastes.
• Baroque colorful, huge, exciting
• Rococolighter, elegant, charming
• MUSIC
• Composers a new, elegant style of music emerged
  known as classical.
• Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart
• LITERATURE
• By 1700s, literature developed new forms and a
  wider audience
• Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe

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ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

• Philosophes tried to persuade rulers to adopt
  their ideas
• Some monarchs did accept the ideas of the
  Enlightenment
• Enlightened Despots absolute rulers who used
  their political power to bring about social
  change
• Other rulers still practiced absolutism

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FREDERICK THE GREAT

• Extremely tight control over his subjects as king
  of Prussia (1740-1786)
• Had a duty to work for the common good
• Praised Voltaires work
• Reduced the use of torture, allowed freedom of
  the press, and religious tolerance

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CATHERINE THE GREAT

• Empress of Russia
• Exchanged letters with VOLTAIRE DIDEROT
• Believed in Enlightenment ideas such as equality
  and liberty
• Abolished torture and established religious
  tolerance in her lands

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JOSEPH II

• Son of Maria Theresa (Hapsburg Empress)
• Eager student of Enlightenment!!!
• Traveled in disguise among his subjects to learn
  of his problems
• Supported religious equality
• Ended censorship
• Sold properties of many monasteries
• Abolished serfdom

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Birth of the American RepublicChapter 5, Section
III
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Britain becomes Global Power

1. Geography (control trade, set up outposts across
   the globe)
2. Success in War
3. Territory Expanded

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BRITISH COLONIES
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NAVY

• Britain built superior naval power
• protected their growing empire and trade

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GEORGE III

• Came to power in 1769 (60-year reign)
• Wanted to recover the powers that the monarch
  lost
• Decided colonists in North America should pay
  for the costs of the 7 Years War and French
  Indian War!!!

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13 COLONIES
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Characteristics of 13 Colonies

• Home to diverse religious ethnic groups
• politics free discussion
• social distinctions blurred
• Colonist grew in favor of separation from
  Britain!!!

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Birth of the American Republic
- With war between the British and French
over, Britain began enforcing old taxes and
passing new taxes on the colonies to pay for
the war debt.  
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Stamp Act
required all printed materials to be stamped
showing that a tax had been paid to the King.
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Stamp Act Congress
- 9 Colonies wrote a protest to the King over
the stamp act. No Taxation Without
Representation -- Parliament repealed the Stamp
Act Boycott Colonist refused to buy or sell
English Goods.
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Boston Massacre - 1770, British soldiers fire
on a group of angry colonist killing
five.   Boston Tea Party 1773, men disguised
as Native Americans boarded three ships and
dumped the British tea overboard.   Intolerable
Acts - New laws passed to punish the colonist
for the troubles they had caused.
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Declaration of Independence

• Colonist upset ? drafted Declaration of Rights
• July 4th, 1776 ? colonist adopted the
  Declaration of Independence
• A NEW NATION IS FORMED!!!

American Revolution
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The Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

• - Began at Lexington and Concord Massachusetts on
  April 19, 1775 when British soldiers clashed with
  American Patriots

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The American Army

• - few military resources
• - no money to pay its soldiers
• fighting on their own soil
• Better leadership
• They had to motivation to win
• PATRIOTS

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The British Army

• professional soldiers
• Better weapons
• - huge navy
• - plenty of cash to fund the war
• offered freedom to slaves who fought for them
• More soldiers
• Loyalist - colonist who supported Britain

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The French Alliance (1777)

• Americans defeat British troops at the Battle of
  Saratoga, which convinces France to join in the
  battle against the British.
• Turning point of the war

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France provided

• military supplies
• (muskets, cannons, ammunition)
• - trained soldiers
• - French War ships

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Winter at Valley Forge(1777-1778)

• Symbolized great hardship for Patriots, but they
  did not give up
• Soldiers without shoes, food, and clothing
• Many faced amputation, sickness and starvation

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Guerrilla Warfare

• This form of surprise hit and run attacks began
  to develop in the South by Colonist
• Guerrilla warfare was successful. The Americans
  began to weaken the British forces in the South

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Battle of Yorktown

• 1781 - British Army is surrounded and cut
• off at Yorktown, Virginia which
• results in the surrender of the
• British Army
• Lord Cornwallis will surrender 80,000 British
  troops
• Yorktown would be the last major battle of the
  war. Britain realized they had no choice but to
  negotiate a peace treaty with Colonist
•  Treaty of Paris officially ended the War in 1783

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The Constitutional Convention

• - began in May 1787 in Philadelphia
• Purpose to revise the Articles of Confederation
• Who 55 delegates known as the Framers
• - Delegates worked in secret
• - they quickly decided to replace the Articles
  with a new constitution
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• Framers incorporated the ideas of Locke, Hobbes,
  Montesquieu and Rousseau into the new
  constitution
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• Constitution signed on Sept. 17, 1787
• Constitution officially passed 1791