Chapter 6.4 Building Blocks of Life

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Chapter 6.4Building Blocks of Life
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I. Role of Carbon

• A. Carbon Bonding
• 1. C has four outer shell electrons (e-).

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2. Carbon can form four covalent bonds.
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3. When carbon atoms bond together they form

• a. Straight chains

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b. Branched chains
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c. Rings
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4. Together, carbon compounds lead to the
diversity of life on Earth.
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B. Macromolecules

• 1. Large molecules made
• of smaller units.
• 2. POLYMERS made of MONOMERS.

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II. Types of Macromolecules(Polymers)
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A. Carbohydrates

• 1. Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen with
  a ratio of 1C2H1O.

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2. Types of Carbohydrates

• a. Monosaccharides
• (1) Composed of one sugar.
• (2) Examples are glucose and fructose.

fructose
glucose
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6H2O 6CO2 ----------gt C6H12O6 6O2
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b. disaccharides

• (1) Composed of two sugars.
• (2) Examples are sucrose (table sugar).

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c. Polysaccharides

• (1) These are polymers.
• (2) Largest Carbohydrates.
• (3) Example are

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• (1) Glycogen

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(2) Starch
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(3) Cellulose
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B. Lipids

• 1. Composed of large C-H bonds with less Oxygen
  molecules than carbohydrates.
• 2. Commonly called Fats and Oils.

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a. Phospholipids

• Responsible for the structure and function of the
  cell membrane
• Hydrophobic which allows lipids to serve as
  barriers in biological membranes

b. Steroids

• Include cholesterol and hormones

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3. Used for

• (a) long term energy storage.
• (b) insulation.
• (c) protective coatings
• (d) cell membranes.

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C. Proteins

• 1. Composed of C, H, O, N and usually S.

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2. Basic building blocks of proteins are amino
acids.

• a. There are only 20 amino acids and they are
  common to all living things.
• b. Amino acids are linked together by peptide
  bonds to form proteins.

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3. Proteins are essential to ALL life.
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Proteins are responsible for the following

• a. Provide structure for tissues and organs.
• b. Carry out cell metabolism.
• (1) Chemical reactions in an organism.
• (2) Enzymes- increase and decrease chemical
  reactions.
• c. Contract muscles.
• d. Transport oxygen in the blood.
• e. Provide immunity.

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Nucleic Acids

• 1. Composed of C, H, O, N and P.
• 2. Elements are arranged in three groups.
• a. Base
• b. Sugar
• c. Phosphate group

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The subunits are called NUCLEOTIDES.
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Nucleic Acids store cellular information and form
a CODE.
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Types of Nucleic Acids
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DNA

• (1) Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• (2) The GENETIC CODE

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Match the base pairs!DNA TO DNA

• AGGTCAGCCCATCCTT
• ???

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Match the base pairs!DNA TO DNA

• AGGTCAGCCCATCCTT
• TCCAGTCGGGTAGGAA

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RNA

• (1) Ribonucleic Acid
• (2) Makes a copy of DNA that is used to
  make proteins.

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Match the base pairs!DNA TO RNA

• AGGTCAGCCCATCCTT
• ???

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Match the base pairs!RNA TO RNA

• AGGUCAGCCCAUCCUU
• ???