WELCOME TO THE

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WELCOME TO THE 2nd SEMESTER
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OLD STUFF IN A NEW WAY
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NEW NOTEBOOK
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• YOU WILL NEED A NOTEBOOK THAT WILL BE FOR
  SCIENCE ONLY
• In your new notebook you will keep all your
  notes, worksheets so forth.
• You will date each days work and use the same
  sheet of paper for all that days work.

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• In your new notebook you will keep all your
  notes, worksheets so forth.
• Notes will be checked and worksheets will be
  checked.
• You will date each days work and use the same
  sheet of paper for all that days work.
• Your notebook will be a notebook grade which will
  be worth 30 of your grade.
• Failure to keep up with your notes will hurt your
  grade.

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• Notes and worksheets will be checked.
• Your notebook will be a notebook grade which will
  be worth 30 of your grade.
• Failure to keep up with your notes will hurt your
  grade

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The World of Earth Science

• Section 1 Branches of Earth Science
• Section 2 Scientific Methods in Earth Science
• Section 3 Scientific Models
• Section 4 Measurement and Safety

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WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..

• What are the four major branches of Earth
  science?
• What are some special branches of Earth
  science?
• What are the steps used in scientific methods?
• How is a hypothesis tested?
• Why do scientists share their findings with
  others?
• How do scientists use models?
• What are three kinds of scientific models?
• What is the SI?
• How do scientists measure length, area, mass,
  volume,
• and temperature?

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STANDARDS

• S6CS1.a Understand the importance ofand
  keephonest, clear, and
• accurate records in science.
• S6CS1.b Understand that hypotheses are valuable
  if they lead to fruitful
• investigations, even if the hypotheses turn out
  not to be completely accurate
• descriptions.
• S6CS3.d Draw conclusions based on analyzed data.
• S6CS5.b Identify several different models (such
  as physical replicas,
• pictures, and analogies) that could be used to
  represent the same thing, and
• evaluate their usefulness, taking into account
  such things as the models
• purpose and complexity.

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STANDARDS

• S6CS7.b Recognize that there may be more than one
  way to interpret a
• given set of findings.
• S6CS8.c As prevailing theories are challenged by
  new information, scientific
• knowledge may change and grow
• S6CS9.a Scientific investigations are conducted
  for different reasons. They
• usually involve collecting evidence, reasoning,
  devising hypotheses, and
• formulating explanations.
• S6CS9.c Accurate record keeping, data sharing,
  and replication of results
• are essential for maintaining an investigators
  credibility with other scientists
• and society.
• S6CS9.d Scientists use technology and mathematics
  to enhance the
• process of scientific inquiry.

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• In your notebook dated today
• 1. Read the following scenes
• 2. Number and copy the highlighted data
• 3. Then write what kind of Earth scientist is
  described in each scene.
• Be as specific as possible.

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• Scene 1
• In the desert of New Mexico, a woman studies the
  stars every night and records her observations.
  She notices a speck of light in the Square
  Constellation that she has never noticed before.

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Scene 2

• A university professor is at Point Reyes National
  Seashore in California. He is measuring the depth
  of the tidal pools. As the day passes, the tidal
  pools get deeper.

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Scene 3

• It is winter in Kalamazoo, Michigan. A reporter
  on TV is pointing to a satellite weather map. He
  predicts snow flurries across southern Michigan
  for the next two days.

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Scene 4

• It is a cloudy day in the state of Washington. An
  experienced scientist is observing Lava Canyon on
  the volcano, Mount St. Helens. She notices that
  all the trees on the canyon floor are missing
  limbs near their bases.

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• Match the branch of science with its description.

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• The study of the universe
• A scientist who studies fossils
• The study of the surface features of the Earth
• 4. The study of the Earths atmosphere in
  relation to weather and climate
• 5. The study of the sea
• 6. The study of how humans interact with the
  environment
• 7. A scientist who studies earthquakes
• 8. A branch of Earth science that combines the
  studies of geology and chemistry
• 9. The study of the origin, history, and
  structure of the Earth

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• The study of the universe Astronomy
• 2. A scientist who studies fossils
  Paleontologist
• 3. The study of the surface features of the
  Earth physical geography
• 4. The study of the Earths atmosphere in
  relation to weather and climate Meteorology
• 5. The study of the sea Oceanography
• 6. The study of how humans interact with the
  environment environmental science
• 7. A scientist who studies earthquakes
  Seismologist
• 8. A branch of Earth science that combines the
  studies of geology and chemistry Geochemistry
• 9. The study of the origin, history, and
  structure of the Earth Geology

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• Write the question and the answer for each of the
  following

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• 1. A possible explanation or answer to a question
  is a
• fact.
• law.
• synopsis.
• hypothesis
• 2. A series of steps scientists follow to solve
  problems are
• scientific methods.
• experiment guidelines.
• investigation methods.
• d. standard procedures.

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• 3. Scientists may do a controlled experiment to
• ask a question.
• test a hypothesis.
• communicate results.
• d. simplify data.
• 4. Scientists begin to learn about the natural
  world by
• summarizing research.
• accepting investigation results.
• forming expectations.
• d. asking questions.

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• 5. Communicating the results of an investigation
  allows other scientists to
• prove evidence.
• change results
• focus an investigation.
• review evidence.
• 6. After analyzing results of their tests,
  scientists
• a. measure their evidence.
• b. immediately begin new investigations.
• c. form a new hypothesis.
• d. draw conclusions.

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• 7. An investigation may continue after results
  are accepted if there is
• new evidence.
• outdated evidence.
• a repeated question.
• a closed case.
• 8. What order do the steps of a scientific method
  follow?
• alphabetical order
• chronological order
• numerical order
• d. They do not follow a set order.

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• 9. A controlled experiment tests
• many variables at once.
• one variable at a time.
• complex data.
• d. conflicting data.
• 10. Scientists form a hypothesis when they
• prove a theory.
• analyze data.
• investigate a question.
• d. change data

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• a pattern, plan, representation, or description
  designed to help us understand the natural world
• 2. a model made up of a system of ideas
• 3. a model that can be touched and looks and acts
  like the real thing
• 4. a model made up of mathematical equations and
  data
• 5. an explanation that ties together many
  hypotheses and observations

a. physical model b. theory c. mathematical
model d. model e. conceptual model
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• 6. Which of the following is NOT a way that
  models can be used in
• science?
• a. to replace real things in the natural world
• b. to explain or analyze something in detail
• c. to help explain theories
• d. to help us understand the natural world
• 7. What model is used to show objects that are
  too small or too large to see completely?
• a physical model
• a mathematical model
• a conceptual modeld
• a climate model

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• 8. A climate model is an example of a
• physical model.
• mathematical model.
• conceptual model.
• global model.
• 9. The data in a climate model has
• a large margin of error.
• a small margin of error
• few variables.
• d. many variables.

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• 10. To learn from a model, a scientist must
• measure the model.
• choose the right model.
• visualize the model.
• d. take apart the model.

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• 1. the distance north or south from the equator
• 2. a representation of the earths surface
• 3. north, south, east, and west
• 4. the line of longitude used as the origin in a
  system of coordinates
• 5. the distance east and west from the prime
  meridian
• 6. the direction to the geographic North Pole
• 7. a fixed place from which direction and
• location can be described

a. prime meridian b. true north c. latitude d.
longitude e. map f. reference point g. cardinal
directions
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• 8. Which of the following places would NOT be
  useful as a reference point?
• 123 Elm Street
• Boise, Idaho
• the mountains
• Johnnys Country Store
• 9. What is magnetic declination?
• a. the distance from the equator
• b. the difference between the magnetic north and
  the true north
• c. the same as 90º latitude
• d. when the needle of a compass points north

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• 10. The prime meridian runs through which city?
• Greenwich, England
• New York City, NY
• New Delhi, India
• d. Rome, Italy
• 11. Which of the following is a good example of a
  cylindrical projection?
• a globe
• a Mercator projection
• an equal-area map
• d. a compass rose

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• 1. a method that sends energy waves from
• a satellite to observe the Earths surface
• 2. a system of orbiting satellites used to
• pinpoint a location on Earth
• 3. a map made by moving the surface
• features of the globe onto a plane
• 4. a way to collect information about a
• place without being there
• 5. shows where true north is on a map
• 6. a map made by moving the surface
• features of the globe onto a cone

a. azimuthal projection b. radar c. conic
projection d. compass rose e. remote sensing f.
GPS
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• 7. Which of the following methods would be the
  best to use to map areas near the equator?
• cylindrical projection
• azimuthal projection
• distortion
• d. conic projection
• 8. Which of the following is NOT a method of
  remote sensing?
• a. determining your distance from Chicago using
  GPS
• b. measuring the depth of the ocean by using
  sound waves from a ship
• c. measuring the length of a trail by hiking on
  it
• d. using a satellite to photograph a city
• 9. Which area of land would be the most distorted
  on a flat map?
• a town
• a continent
• a small island
• d. a city park

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15x26

1. How long is the perimeter of the picnic area?
2. What is the total area of the picnic area?
3. How much area in the part has grass?
4. Estimate the area covered by the fountain not
   including the rectangular pool

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• The Burnside family vegetable garden measures 4 m
  3.5 m.
• A garden planning guide suggests mixing
  fertilizer with the soil to a depth of 25 cm.
• In cubic meters, what will be the total volume of
  fertilizer-soil mix in the garden?

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Lock B, which is the same width as Lock A, is 1.5
times as long and has a volume of 4488 m3. How
deep is Lock B?
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Estimate the area covered by the fountain, not
including the rectangular pool. Area of fountain
total area of the pool visible area of the pool
54 m2 - 32 m2 about 20 m2
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• 1. shows the surface features of the Earth
• 2. the height of an object above sea level
• 3. the difference in elevation between contour
  lines
• 4. variations in elevation of a land surface
• 5. a darker contour line, usually every fifth
  line
• 6. a summary of the symbols used on a map

a. relief b. legend c. elevation
d. topographic map e. contour interval f. index
contour
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Chapter 3 Minerals of the Earths Crust

• Section 1 What Is a Mineral?
• Section 2 Identifying Minerals
• Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of
  Minerals

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• What are minerals?
• What determines the shape of a mineral?
• What are two main groups of minerals?
• What seven properties can be used to identify a
  mineral?
• What are some special properties of minerals?
• How do minerals form?
• How are mineral resources used?

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• silicate mineral
• b. Crystal
• c. Element
• d. Compound
• e. nonsilicate mineral
• f. mineral

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• a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are
  arranged in a definite pattern
• 2. a mineral that does not contain compounds of
  silicon and oxygen
• 3. a mineral that contains a combination of
  silicon, oxygen, and other elements

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• 4. a substance that cannot be separated or broken
  down into simpler substances by chemical means
• 5. a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a
  definite crystalline structure
• 6. a substance made up of atoms of two or more
  different elements joined by chemical bonds

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• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
  a mineral?
• a. It is formed in nature.
• b. It is a living material.
• c. It has a crystalline structure.
• d. It is a solid.

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• the appearance of a mineral that can vary
  according to the impurities in that mineral as
  well as other factors
• the splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat
  surfaces
• the ratio of the mass of a substance to the
  volume of the substance
• 4. a measure of the ability of a mineral to
  resist scratching
• 5. characteristics that are particular to only a
  few types of minerals
• 6. the color of the powder of a mineral
• 7. the way in which a mineral reflects light
• 8. the breaking of a mineral along either curved
  or irregular surfaces

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• 1. solid mixture of one or more minerals and
  organic matter
• 2. process by which new rock forms from old rock
• 3. process by which sediment is removed from its
  source
• 4. process by which sediment is dropped and comes
  to rest
• 5. the chemical makeup of a rock
• 6. size, shape, and position of grains that make
  up a rock

a. composition b. rock c. erosion d. texture e.
rock cycle f. deposition
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• 7. Which of the following rocks is not normally
  used as a construction material?
• a. marble b. halite c. limestone d. granite
• 8. The process in which water, wind, ice, and
  heat break down rock is called
• a. uplift. b. intrusion. c. recrystallization.
  d. weathering.
• 9. What forms when rock partially or completely
  melts?
• a. limestone b. reefs c. ripple marks d. magma
• 10. Scientists classify rocks
• a. by composition and texture. b. by volume. c.
  by mass. d. by color and size.

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• Dear Doug,
• Well Ive finally decided to open a jewelry
  store! As you know, Ive always been interested
  in precious stones and gems. I recently learned
  that many rare gems, such as rubies, are created
  in a laboratory environment. In fact, these
  synthetic gems are created by duplicating the
  effects of nature, but at a much faster rate.
  Artificial gems are usually not as valuable as
  naturally occurring gems, but they arent
  considered fakes either.
• Before I start selling synthetic gems, Id like
  to know more about the formation of natural and
  synthetic rocks. Because you are a certified
  gemologist, I thought you could help by answering
  the attached questions.
• Rob Dobbs

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• Most gemstones are metamorphic minerals. What
  conditions would the laboratory need to duplicate
  to create synthetic gems?
• Metamorphic rocks are formed at various depths in
  the Earth. Why would the depth at which a rock
  forms determine its type?
• 3. Explain why metamorphic rock will form neither
  synthetically nor naturally if the temperature is
  too high.
• 4. Explain how a diamond in a jewelry store could
  contain the carbon from a prehistoric animal.

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• It is a result of change in the structure,
  texture, or composition of a rock.
• It comes in two textures, foliated and
  nonfoliated.
• Its origin is intense heat and pressure.
• What is it?

• It can be distinguished by its layers It comes in
  three main categories, clastic, chemical, and
  organic.
• Its origin is usually layers of Sediment
• What is it?

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What kind of rocks form when Magma cools on the
Earths surface?
What kind of rocks form when magma cools beneath
the Earths surface?

• clastic,chemical, or organic
• __________rocks form the remains of organisms.
• __________rocks form when rock or mineral
  fragments stick together.
• __________rocks form from
• solutions of minerals and water

• foliated or nonfoliated.
• In rock,__________ the mineral grains are
  aligned, but in __________rock, they are not
  aligned.

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SUBSURFACE MINING
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Chapter 4 Rocks Mineral Mixtures

• Section 1 The Rock Cycle
• Section 2 Igneous Rock
• Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
• Section 4 Metamorphic Rock

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WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..

• What is a rock?
• How are rocks classified?
• What does the texture of a rock reveal about
  how it was formed?
• How do igneous rocks form?
• What factors affect the texture of igneous
  rock?
• How do sedimentary rocks form?
• How do geologists classify sedimentary rocks?
• What are some sedimentary structures?
• How do metamorphic rocks form?
• How do geologists classify metamorphic rocks?
• What are fossils?
• How do fossils form?
• What can fossils tell us about the history of
  life on Earth?

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STANDARDS

• S6E5.b Investigate the composition of rocks in
  terms of minerals.
• S6E5.c Describe processes that change rocks and
  the surface of Earth.

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Find two paths through the rock cycle that lead
from sedimentary rock to igneous rock. Use a
colored pen or marker to trace both paths on the
fi gure.
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INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
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foliated describes the texture of
metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are
arranged in planes or bands nonfoliated describes
the texture of metamorphic rock in which the
mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands
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geologic column an ordered arrangement of rock
layers that is based on the relative ages of the
rocks and in which the oldest rocks are at the
bottom relative dating any method of
determining whether an event or object is older
or younger than other events or
objects superposition a principle that states
that younger rocks lie above older rocks if
the layers have not been disturbed unconformity
a break in the geologic record created when rock
layers are eroded or when sediment is not
deposited for a long period of time
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Chapter 6 The Rock and Fossil Record

• Section 1 Earths Story and Those Who First
  Listened
• Section 2 Relative Dating Which Came First?
• Section 3 Absolute Dating A Measure of Time
• Section 4 Looking at Fossils
• Section 5 Time Marches On

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WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..

• How fast do changes on Earth happen?
• What is paleontology?
• What is relative dating?
• How can rock layers be disturbed?
• How can geologists learn the exact age of a
  rock?
• What is radiometric dating?
• How do geologists measure time?
• How has life changed during Earths history?
• What can cause a mass extinction?

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STANDARDS

• S6E5.f Describe how fossils show evidence of the
  changing surface and
• climate of Earth.

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catastrophism a principle that states that
geologic change occurs suddenly paleontology the
scientific study of fossils uniformitarianism a
principle that geologic processes that occurred
in the past can be explained by current geologic
processes
absolute dating any method of measuring the age
of an event or object in years half-life the time
required for half of a sample of a radioactive
isotope to break down by radioactive decay to
form a daughter isotope
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isotope an atom that has the same number
of protons (or the same atomic number) as
other atoms of the same element do but that has
a different number of neutrons (and thus
a different atomic mass) radioactive decay the
process in which a radioactive isotope tends to
break down into a stable isotope of the same
element or another Element radiometric dating a
method of determining the absolute age of an
object by comparing the relative percentages of a
radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable
(daughter) isotope
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cast a type of fossil that forms when
sediments fill in the cavity left by a decomposed
organism fossil the trace or remains of an
organism that lived long ago, most commonly
preserved in sedimentary rock index fossil a
fossil that is used to establish the age of a
rock layer because the fossil is distinct,
abundant, and widespread and the species that
formed that fossil existed for only a short span
of geologic time mold a mark or cavity made in a
sedimentary surface by a shell or other
body trace fossil a fossilized mark that formed
in sedimentary rock by the movement of an animal
on or within soft sediment
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eon the largest division of geologic time epoch
a subdivision of geologic time that is
longer than an age but shorter than a period era
a unit of geologic time that includes two or more
periods extinction the death of every member of
a Species geologic time scale the standard
method used to divide the Earths long natural
history into manageable parts period a unit of
geologic time that is longer than an epoch but
shorter than an era
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The Present Is the Key to the Past. This
phrase was the cornerstone of the uniformitarianis
t theory developed by geologist James Hutton in
the late 1700s. Write a few sentences in your
science otebook about how studying the present
could reveal the story of Earths history. Use
sketches to illustrate processes that occurred
millions of years ago that you can still see
today.
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• Arrange the following sentences in a logical
  order to make a short story
• I stood in the checkout line.
• I selected two apples.
• I walked home from the store.
• I gave the cashier money.
• I went to the store.
• The cashier gave me change.
• I was hungry.

Write your story in your science notebook.
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• 1. the idea that geologic processes occurring now
  are the same as those in the past
• 2. a scientist who published Principles of
  Geology from 18301833
• 3. the idea that geologic change happens suddenly
• 4. a scientist who outlined uniformitarianism in
  1788
• 5. a science that combines uniformitarianism and
• catastrophism
• 6. the study of past life using fossil

a. uniformitarianism b. catastrophism c.
paleontology d. James Hutton e. Charles Lyell f.
modern geology
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• 7. According to uniformitarianism, how does
  geologic change happen?
• every few years
• suddenly
• gradually
• after an earthquake
• 8. Which of the following events would be a
  catastrophe?
• an average rainfall
• an asteroid hitting the earth
• gradual erosion
• deposition

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• 9. What kind of scientist studies the history of
  plants and animals?
• a paleontologist
• a botanist
• a geologist
• d. a chemist
• 10. What does a paleobotanist study?
• vertebrate animals
• invertebrate animals
• fossilized insects
• fossil plants

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The idea of _________says that rock layers at
the bottom of a body of rock are older than
layers at the top. Geologists can use this idea
to determine the relative age of different rock
layers
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HALF LIFE
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The fossil on the left is the internal mold of an
ammonite. It formed when sediment filled the
ammonites shell. On the right is the external
mold of the ammonite. The shell later dissolved.
MOLD OR CAST? WHICH IS WHICH?
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• 1. process in which minerals replace tissues
• 2. trace or remains of an organism that lived
  long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary
  rock
• 3. mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface
  by a shell or other body
• 4. fossil from a specific time period
• 5. fossil formed by an animals movement
• 6. mold filled with sediment

a. fossil b. mineral replacement c. trace
fossil d. mold e. cast f. index fossil
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• 7. What is amber?
• a hard shell
• hardened tree sap
• an insects body
• d. wet, sticky tree sap
• 8. Which of the following is an example of
  mineral replacement?
• La Brea asphalt
• a frozen mammoth
• hardened tree sap
• d. petrified wood

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• 9. Which of the following is an example of a
  trace fossil?
• preserved footprints
• mold and cast
• hardened tree sap
• d. a frozen mammoth
• 10.Which kind of temperatures will slow down an
  organisms decay?
• a. warm temperatures in a wet climate
• b. cool temperatures
• c. freezing temperatures
• d. hot temperatures

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• Do these statements describe relative or absolute
  age?
• 1. She is my younger sister.
• 2. He is 12 years old.
• Why do geologists use both absolute and relative
• dating to interpret the past?
• Why are both absolute and relative dating valid
  methods for geologists and other earth scientists
  to use?

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• 1. largest division of geologic time
• 2. unit of geologic time that includes
• two or more periods
• 3. third-largest division of geologic time
• 4. fourth-largest division of geologic time
• 5. death of a species
• 6. standard method that divides Earths history
  into parts

a. period b. eon c. geologic time scale d.
extinction e. era f. epoch
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• 7. Which era ended with the largest mass
  extinction in Earths history?
• Paleozoic
• Mesozoic
• Cenozoic
• Jurassic
• 8. During which era did birds and small mammals
  begin to evolve?
• Paleozoic
• Mesozoic
• Cenozoic
• d. Jurassic

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• 9. Which era are we in now?
• Paleozoic
• Mesozoic
• Cenozoic
• Jurassic
• 10. What does the rock and fossil record
  represent?
• index fossils
• geologic time
• the Age of Reptiles
• d. the Age of Mammals

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Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics

• Section 1 Inside the Earth
• Section 2 Restless Continents
• Section 3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
• Section 4 Deforming the Earths Crust

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STANDARDS

• S6E5.a Compare and contrast Earths crust,
  mantle, and core including
• temperature, density, and composition.
• S6E5.c Describe processes that change rocks and
  the surface of Earth.
• S6E5.d Recognize that lithospheric plates
  constantly move and cause major
• geological events on Earths surface.
• S6E5.e Explain the effects of physical processes
  (plate tectonics, erosion,
• deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on
  geological features including oceans
• (composition, currents, and tides).

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WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..

• What are the layers inside Earth?
• How do scientists study Earths interior?
• What is continental drift?
• How are magnetic reversals related to sea-floor
  spreading?
• What happens when rock is placed under stress?
• What are three kinds of faults?
• How do mountains form?

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• WHAT AM I?
• I am part of the lithosphere, but I move around
  on top of the asthenosphere. I am a(n)
  ______________________.
• WHERE ARE WE?
• We journeyed to the center of the Earth, and when
  we got there we discovered that the core has two
  parts One part is liquid and is called the
  ______________________ The other part is dense
  and solid and is called the ______________________

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asthenosphere the soft layer of the mantle
on which the tectonic plates move core the
central part of the Earth below the Mantle crust
the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth
above the mantle lithosphere the solid, outer
layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the
rigid upper part of the mantle mantle the layer
of rock between the Earths crust and
core mesosphere the strong, lower part of the
mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer
core tectonic plates a block of lithosphere
that consists of the crust and the rigid,
outermost part of the mantle
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continental drift the hypothesis that states
that the continents once formed a single
landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present
locations sea-floor spreading the process by
which new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) forms
as magma rises to Earths surface and solidifies
at a mid-ocean ridge
convergent boundary the boundary between tectonic
plates that are colliding divergent boundary the
boundary between two tectonic plates that are
moving away from each other plate tectonics the
theory that explains how large pieces of the
Earths outermost layer, called tectonic plates,
move and change shape transform boundary the
boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding
past each other horizontally
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What fraction of the thickness of the thickest
continental crust is the thickness of the
oceanic crust? Give your answer as a reduced
fraction.
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1. the layer of rock that comprises 67 of Earths
   mass
2. the layer of Earth made mostly of iron
3. the thin, solid outermost layer above the mantle
4. the rigid layer made up of crust and upper mantle
5. the layer made of solid rock that slowly flows
6. the lower part of the mantle

a. asthenosphere b. core c. crust d. mantle e.
lithosphere f. mesosphere
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1. hypothesis that states that the continents were
   once one large mass that broke apart
2. process that takes place at mid-ocean ridges
3. part of molten rock at mid-ocean ridges
4. process of Earths magnetic poles changing places
5. items that provide evidence that the continents
   were once closer together

a. sea-floor spreading b. continental drift c.
magnetic reversal d. magnetic minerals e. fossils
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What are they? What kinds?
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• A super-fast chess computer can perform
  200,000,000 calculations per second. How
• many calculations can it perform in the 3 minutes
  it is allowed for each move?

3 minutes 60 seconds/minute 180
seconds 200,000,000 calculations/second 180
seconds 36 ? 36,000,000,000 calculations
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1. where two plates collide
2. where two plates are moving away from each other
3. where two plates are moving horizontally past
   each other
4. process of moving layers of rock by heating and
   cooling
5. where denser oceanic lithosphere sinks beneath
   continental lithosphere
6. where oceanic lithosphere slides downhill due to
   gravity

a. divergent boundary b. slab pull c.
convection d. convergent boundary e. transform
boundary f. ridge push
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• 1. stress at a divergent plate boundary
• 2. stress at a convergent plate boundary
• 3. upward-arching rock layer
• 4. downward-arching rock layer
• 5. hanging wall moves down relative to
• footwall
• 6. hanging wall moves up relative to
• footwall
• 7. sinking of rock layers
• 8. rising of rock layers

a. uplift b. subsidence c. tension d.
compression e. normal fault f. anticline g.
syncline h. reverse fault
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• 1. the sudden return of elastically deformed rock
  to its undeformed shape
• 2. seismic waves that cause particles of rock to
  move in a side-to-side direction
• 3. seismic waves that cause particles of rock to
  move in a back-and-forth motion
• 4. waves of energy that travel through Earth away
  from an earthquake in all directions
• 5. the bending, tilting, and breaking of Earths
  crust the change in the shape of rock in
  response to stress
• 6. the branch of Earth science devoted to
• studying earthquakes

a. seismology b. deformation c. elastic
rebound d. seismic waves e. P waves f. S waves
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In a given year, how many earthquakes measure 6.0
or greater?
In a given year, what percentage of earthquakes
measure 3.0 or greater are moderate?
Calculate the percentage of earthquakes that
measure 5.0 or greater that are classified as
major and great.
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The Richter scale is based on a mathematical
system. Each whole-number increase in magnitude
on the Richter scale represents an increase in
measured amplitude by a factor of 10. That means
that an earthquake measuring 4.0 on the Richter
scale is 10 times as strong as an earthquake
measuring 3.0. The Richter scale is also used to
estimate the relative energy released by
earthquakes. Each whole-number increase on the
Richter scale represents an increase in energy
release by a factor of 32.
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• On December 16, 1920, an earthquake measuring 8.6
  on the Richter scale hit Gansu, a province in
  China.
• Twelve years later, an earthquake measuring 7.6
  hit Gansu.
• How much stronger was the 1920 earthquake?

How much more energy did the 1920 earthquake
release compared with the second earthquake?
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• In 1906, an earthquake occurred in San Francisco
  that measured 8.3 on the Richter scale.
• In 1994, an earthquake occurred in Northridge,
  California, that measured 6.7
• on the Richter scale.
• How much stronger was the San Francisco
  earthquake?
• How much more energy did the San Francisco
  earthquake release?

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• 1. instrument that records vibrations in the
  ground and determines the location and strength
  of an earthquake
• 2. tracing of earthquake motion that is created
  by a seismograph
• 3. scale used to measure earthquake damage
• 4. point along a fault at which the first motion
  of an earthquake occurs
• 5. point on Earths surface directly above an
  earthquakes starting point
• 6. scale used to measure earthquake strength

a. seismogram b. epicenter c. focus d.
seismograph e. Richter magnitude scale f.
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
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• 1. measurement of how likely an area is to have
  damaging earthquakes
• 2. hypothesis based on the idea that a major
  earthquake is more likely to occur along the part
  of an active fault where no earthquakes have
  occurred for a certain period of time
• 3. area along a fault where relatively few
  earthquakes have occurred recently but where
  strong earthquakes have occurred in the past
• 4. process of making older structures more
  earthquake resistant
• 5. something that helps keep water and gas lines
  from breaking in an earthquake
• 6. something that acts as a shock absorber for a
  building during an earthquake
• 7. a weight located at the bottom of a building
  to help offset building movement
• 8. a weight placed in the roof of a building to
  counteract building movement

a. seismic gap b. mass damper c. earthquake
hazard d. flexible pipe
e. gap hypothesis f. base isolator g. active
tendon system h. retrofitting
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Chapter 8 Earthquakes

• Section 1 What Are Earthquakes?
• Section 2 Earthquake Measurement
• Section 3 Earthquakes and Society

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STANDARDS

• S6E5.c Describe processes that change rocks and
  the surface of Earth.
• S6E5.d Recognize that lithospheric plates
  constantly move and cause major
• geological events on Earths surface.
• S6E5.e Explain the effects of physical processes
  (plate tectonics, erosion,
• deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on
  geological features including oceans
• (composition, currents, and tides).

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WHILE YOU READ ANSWER..

• Where do most earthquakes happen?
• What makes an earthquake happen?
• What are seismic waves?

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deformation the bending, tilting, and breaking of
the Earths crust the change in the shape
of rock in response to stress elastic rebound
the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to
its undeformed shape P wave a seismic wave that
causes particles of rock to move in a
back-and-forth direction S wave a seismic wave
that causes particles of rock to move in a
side-to-side direction seismic wave a wave of
energy that travels through the Earth, away from
an earthquake in all directions seismology the
study of earthquakes
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epicenter the point on Earths surface
directly above an earthquakes starting point, or
focus focus the point along a fault at which the
first motion of an earthquake occurs seismogram
a tracing of earthquake motion that is created by
a seismograph seismograph an instrument that
records vibrations in the ground and determines
the location and strength of an earthquake
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• 1. molten rock underground
• 2. magma that flows on the Earths surface
• 3. dust-sized particles of hardened lava
• 4. magma that is blasted into the air and
• hardens
• 5. vent on Earths surface through which
• magma and gases are expelled
• 6. a crack or opening in the Earths crust

a. volcano b. lava c. magma d. vent e. ash f.
Pyroclastic material
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• Draw each volcano type and label it with the type
  of volcano it is.
• Fill in the information about volcanoes from the
  slide that is coming

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What type of volcano?

• Volcano information
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.

Whats this?
Whats this?
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What type of volcano?
Volcano information 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Whats this?
Whats this?
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What type of volcano?
Volcano information 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Whats this?
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What type of volcano?

• Volcano information
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.
• Shield volcano
• has sides that slope gently
• forms from repeated nonexplosive eruptions
• is made entirely of runny lava

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What type of volcano?
Volcano information 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Cinder cone volcano consists entirely of
pyroclastic materialis Often found in
clusters erodes very quickly
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What type of volcano?
Volcano information 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
composite volcano is also known as a
stratovolcano has a broad base and steep sides
toward the top is formed by explosive eruptions
that are followed by lava outpourings
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• A Variety of Volcanoes
• There are three main types of volcanoesshield,
  cinder cone, and composite.
• Determine which type of volcano is being
  described by the phrases at left, and copy each
  phrase with the appropriate picture

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• is also known as a stratovolcano
• consists entirely of pyroclastic material
• has sides that slope gently
• is often found in clusters
• has a broad base and steep sides toward
• the top
• forms from repeated nonexplosive
• eruptions
• is made entirely of runny lava
• erodes very quickly
• is formed by explosive eruptions that are
• followed by lava outpourings

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1. the grinding and wearing away of rock surfaces
through the mechanical action of other rock or
sand particles 2. rain, sleet, or snow that
contains a high concentration of acids 3. the
process by which rocks break down as a result of
chemical reactions 4. the breakdown of rock
into smaller pieces by physical means 5. a
chemical reaction in which an element, such as
iron, combines with oxygen to form an oxide 6.
the process by which rock materials are broken
down by the action of physical or chemical
processes
a. mechanical weathering b. oxidation c.
weathering d. acid precipitation e. abrasion f.
chemical weathering
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The autobiography of Grant Stone, the first rock
to learn to talk, has just been published. Grant
has had a really interesting life! Below are some
excerpts from Grants autobiography. After you
read each excerpt, decide if Grant is telling a
story about mechanical or chemical weathering,
and circle the appropriate word. Then in the
space provided, identify the cause of weathering
abrasion, acids in living things, acid
precipitation, ice wedging, or oxidation. Be
careful one term will be used twice.
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1. In my youth, I was part of a much larger rock
on the side of a mountain. In the summer, small
trickles of water would enter cracks in my
surface in the winter, the water would freeze.
The cracks grew larger, until I eventually broke
off the granite outcropping.
chemical or mechanical? 2. As I fell off the
mountain, I caused a rock slide. There were
hundreds of rocks, large and small, rolling down
the mountain. We were bumping into each other and
sliding all over. It was a regular rock
stampede! chemical or
mechanical?
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3. I stopped at the base of the mountain, on top
of the pile of rocks. I spent many years there,
and gradually, a colony of lichen began to grow
on my side. They were easy to live with, but
where the lichen grew, my edges became
less sharp. chemical or
mechanical? 4. In one of my journeys, I met
some rocks that were a beautiful red color. They
told me they were made with a lot of iron, and
the iron helped to cause their red coloration.
chemical or mechanical?
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5. Its winter, the mountain had a much larger
snowfall than usual, and the spring was stormy,
with lots of rain. The rain and the snowmelt
caused a flood, and I found myself in the bottom
of a river, being jostled among more rocks and
rubbed by silt. chemical or
mechanical? 6. Over time, that river changed
course, and I was left in the open. In recent
decades, Ive started to crumble a little at the
edges. Im not sure what causes it, but I think
it has something to do with the rainthe rain
seems to do much more damage to me that it used
to. chemical or mechanical?
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1. A process by which softer, less
weather-resistant rocks wear away and leave
harder, more weather-resistant rocks behind is
called a. differential weathering. b.
mechanical weathering. c. chemical
weathering. d. ice wedging. 2. Small rocks
weather more quickly than large rocks because
their surface area is a. thinner. b.
larger. c. smaller. d. thicker. 3. The average
weather condition in an area over a long period
of time is called a. temperature. b.
climate. c. weather. d. humidity. 4. Chemical
weathering is most rapid in areas that are a.
hot and dry. b. warm and wet. c. cold and
dry. d. cool and wet. 5. Which rocks are exposed
to more wind, rain, and ice? a. rocks at a lower
elevation b. rocks at a higher elevation c.
rocks in streams d. rocks in a warm, humid
climate
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• 1. a loose mixture of small mineral fragments,
• organic material, water, and air that can
• support the growth of vegetation
• 2. the layer of rock beneath the soil
• 3. soil that is blown or washed away from its
• parent rock
• 4. the source of mineral fragments in the soil

a. Transported soil b. bedrock c. soil d. parent
rock
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• Buying the Farm
• Fed up with frantic New York City life, James
  Robert McCoy (a.k.a. Jim Bob) has decided to buy
  a farm and move to the country. However, he
  doesnt know anything about soils. Help Jim Bob
  sort through these classified ads
• Because the soil at Corn Hollow has supported
  nothing but corn for five years, it should be
  perfectly suited for growing more corn. Do you
  agree or disagree with this statement? Explain
  your reasoning.
• 2. What can farmers do to ensure a good balance
  of soil nutrients year after year?

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Farm for Sale Corn Hollow Located just
outside Lincoln, Nebraska, this farm is a
charmer. Nothing but corn has been planted here
over the last five years, so the land is ready
for more of it! Corn Hollow has been plowed and
empty for over a year, just waiting for you
to bring her back to life. A perfect choice for
the inexperienced farmer!
Great Opportunity Stony Meadow Farms This is a
farm waiting to happen! Special reduced price! At
first glance, Stony Meadow may seem like a huge
block of stone, but its really a farm-tobe! The
solid granite foundation will weather away and
turn into fertile soil in no time. Plus,
there are no pesky weeds or bugs to annoy you!
Act fast on this one!
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• Desert Dreamland
• Sandy Acres
• Sandy Acres can be yours
• today! At a fraction of the
• cost of prime farmland,
• you can buy into the
• biggest secret in
• agriculture. The fields of
• Sandy Acres, in the
• Arizona desert, have
• never been farmed! Just
• think of all the nutrients
• waiting to be tapped!
• Plenty of sunshine, too!
• All this soil needs is
• water. Call today!

187
1. Because the soil at Corn Hollow has supported
nothing but corn for five years, it should be
perfectly suited for growing more corn. Do you
agree or disagree with this statement? Explain
your reasoning. 2. What can farmers do to ensure
a good balance of soil nutrients year after year?
3. Corn Hollows fields have been empty for over
a year. What soil problems might this cause? 4.
What are the chances that Jim Bob would be able
to farm on Stony Meadow Farms within a year?
Explain. 5. What characteristics of desert soil
should Jim Bob be aware of? Explain.
6. Which farm would you recommend to Jim Bob?
Explain.