Goal 3.04 Assess the impacts of genomics on individuals and society.

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Goal 3.04 Assess the impacts of genomics on
individuals and society.
blog.makezine.com
There are many ways that humans have manipulated
genes.
Lets look at a few of these
scrapetv.com
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1. Artificial Breeding/Selection
Artificial Breeding/Selection is
When humans select who mates to whom to improve
the breed.
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Artificial Breeding/Selection
Artificial Breeding/Selection is
When humans select which plants to cross to
improve the plant.
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Artificial Breeding/Selection
What if humans selected which humans to mate?!
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2. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology is
The use of organisms or their products to improve
human life. HOW DO THEY DO IT?!
biotechresearchandfinance.com
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The code is UNIVERSAL!

• Since all living organisms
• use the same DNA
• use the same code book
• read their genes the same way

Remember that ALL organisms are made using the
same four DNA bases A,T,C,G. AND Those bases code
the same way in ALL organisms using A,U,C,G.
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CLONING making genetically identical copies
The Controversy
Reversing Human Destruction through
Cloning http//player.discoveryeducation.com/inde
x.cfm?guidAssetId4CDB02CD-6421-42B4-AF9D-B940E139
3F19blnFromSearch1productcodeUS
HSW Genetics Cloning Time 0320
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Lets look at Dolly
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Human Genome Project Identified the entire
sequence of DNA bases for humans.
There are 3.2 billion bases in the human genome.
What do you think can be done now that we know
the order (sequence) in which all 3.2 billion
bases occur?
Human Genome Project Explained 1524
min http//www.5min.com/Video/The-Human-Genome-Pro
ject-Applications-151426688
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KARYOTYPE display of chromosomes laid out in
pairs from largest to smallest. Sex chromosomes
are always placed at the end.
How many chromosomes do you see?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)in this human organism
Now, how many chromosomes do you see? Is this a
male or female?
ITS A GIRL!
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How many chromosomes? Which gender (sex)?
How many chromosomes? Which gender (sex)?
46 chromosomes 23 pairs
Its a BOY!
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Karyotypes are a way or organizing chromosomes to
make it easier to study and identify certain
characteristics within an individuals DNA.
Make a Karyotype http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/co
ntent/begin/traits/karyotype/
How scientists and doctors use karyotypes http//l
earn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/predic
tdisorder/
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What do you get when you cross
Genetic Engineering is Inserting genes from one
organism into a different organism.
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How do we do mix genes??

• Genetic engineering
• find gene
• cut DNA in both organisms
• paste gene from one creature into other
  creatures DNA
• insert new chromosome into organism
• organism copies new gene as if it were its own
• organism reads gene as if it were its own
• organism produces NEW protein Remember we all
  use the same genetic code!

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Cutting DNA

• DNA scissors
• enzymes that cut DNA
• Restriction Enzymes
• used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking
  viruses
• EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI
• cut DNA at specific sites
• enzymes look for specific base sequences

ACTGA ATTCGGATCA TGACTTAAGCC TAGT
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Restriction enzymes
?

• Cut DNA at specific sites - leave sticky ends

Locate the section of gene we want.
Restriction Enzyme
restriction enzyme cut site
DNA double strand.
GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
restriction enzyme cut site
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• Recombining DNA Use the same enzymes for both
  pieces.
• leave sticky ends on both
• can glue DNA together at sticky ends

Cut the gene you want.
Cut the chromosome you want to add the gene to.
DNA Ligase joins the ends.
Use sticky ends to glue the two genes together.
Recombinant DNADNA with foreign genes inserted.
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Why use Bacteria??
How can bacteria read human DNA?

• Recombined Gene produces needed protein in a
  different organism.
• Use Bacteria because it reproduces rapidly and is
  one-celled so easy to grow.

160 bacteria
40 bacteria
1,310,720 bacteria
5120 bacteria
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Bacterial DNA and plasmids

• Single circular chromosome
• only one copy haploid
• no nucleus
• Other DNA plasmids!

bacterialchromosome
plasmids
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How can plasmids help us?

• A way to get genes into bacteria easily
• insert new gene into plasmid
• insert plasmid into bacteria vector
• bacteria now expresses new gene
• bacteria make new protein

glue DNA
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Grow bacteriamake more
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Virtual Lab 12Bacterial Transformation-Ampicilli
n Resistance
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Other uses of Genetic Engineering

• Genetically modified organisms (GMO)
• enabling plants to produce new proteins
• Produce medications insulin
• Used by diabetics
• Extend growing season fishberries
• strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from
  flounder
• Improve quality of food golden rice
• rice producing vitamin A

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Genetic Engineering and Medicine
Gene Therapy using genetic engineering to
combat disease.
Hemophilia patients suffer from a lack of
Factor VIII.
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Stem Cellsthe key to our future?
Heart Cells to repair damaged heart tissues.
Red Blood Cells for accident victims and
transfusions.
Muscle Cells to repair damaged or weak muscles.
Stem Cells
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Stem Cells
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Biotechnology Gel Electrophoresis
http//videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/11820-genetics
-using-dna-evidence-to-solve-crimes-video.htm
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Many uses of restriction enzymes

• Now that we can cut DNA with restriction enzymes
• we can cut up DNA from different people or
  different organisms and compare it
• why?
• forensics
• medical diagnostics
• paternity
• evolutionary relationships
• and more

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Comparing cut up DNAGel Electrophoresis

• How do we compare DNA fragments?
• separate fragments by size
• How do we separate DNA fragments?
• run it through a gelatin
• gel electrophoresis
• How does a gel work?

http//www.dnatube.com/video/701/DNA-Fingerprintin
g
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Gel electrophoresis

• A method of separating DNA in a gelatin-like
  material using an electrical field
• DNA is negatively charged
• when its in an electrical field it moves toward
  the positive side

DNA ? ? ? ? ? ? ?


swimming through Jello
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Gel electrophoresis

• DNA moves in an electrical field
• so how does that help you compare DNA fragments?
• size of DNA fragment affects how far it travels
• small pieces travel farther
• large pieces travel slower lag behind

DNA ? ? ? ? ? ? ?


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Running a gel
fragments of DNAseparate out based on size
cut DNA with restriction enzymes
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• Stain DNA
• ethidium bromide binds to DNA
• fluoresces under UV light

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Virtual Lab 11Restriction Enzyme Cleavage and
Electrophoresis Lab Electrophoresis
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DNA Fingerprinting

• Why is each persons DNA pattern different?
• sections of junk DNA
• doesnt code for proteins
• made up of repeated patterns
• CAT, GCC, and others
• each person may have different number of repeats
• many sites on our 23 chromosomes with different
  repeat patterns

GCTTGTAACGGCCTCATCATCATTCGCCGGCCTACGCTT CGAACATTGC
CGGAGTAGTAGTAAGCGGCCGGATGCGAA
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Uses Evolutionary relationships

• Comparing DNA samples from different organisms to
  measure evolutionary relationships

turtle
snake
rat
squirrel
fruitfly

DNA ?

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Sequencing DNA http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/geno
me/sequ_flash.html