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Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

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Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chapter 9 (M) CO2 O2 Cycle O2 CO2 Fermentation Cells in the absence of oxygen ferment sugars and other foods The products ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation


1
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
  • Chapter 9 (M)

2
Living is work
  • Cells require energy from outside sources to
    perform work
  • Ecosystems?energy enters as sunlight.
  • Light energy trapped in organic molecules is
    available to both photosynthetic organisms and
    others that eat them

3
Chemical Energy and Food
  • Food Stores Chemical Energy
  • Carbohydrates, fats, proteins from food do not
    drive work in cells directly
  • The chemical energy stored in these must be
    converted into a more usable form
  • ATP ? Energy Molecule

4
Food as Fuel
  • Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are all used to
    generate ATP
  • Fats?9 Calories/gm,
  • Proteins and Carbs? 4Calories/gm
  • 1 Calorie (kilocalorie) 1000 calories
  • Basic Calorie need? 2200 for female teens, 2500
    males

5
Energy in Food
  • Not released at once, if so cant be harnessed
  • Broken down in a series of steps and electrons
    are carried? final acceptor is O2

6
  • High Energy
  • Food? Energy Released? Stored in ATP

ATP
ATP
ATP
Low Energy Waste
7
Cellular Respiration Breathing
  • Respiration Breathing
  • Respiration ? exchange of gases
  • Organisms? O2 from env.? gives off CO2

8
Cellular Respiration Breathing
  • To a biologist Respiration? the aerobic
    harvesting of energy from food ? Cellular
    Respiration
  • Breathing Cellular Respiration are very closely
    related
  • CR ? main function is to harvest energy from food

9
  • O2? Lungs ?Blood Stream? muscles? mitochondria
    use O2 in CR? energy for muscles to work?CO2?
    blood ?lungs ?out

10
General Equation
  • C6H12O6 6O2? 6CO2 6H2O ATP
  • Energy stored in chemical bonds of ATP

11
CR Harvests energy by rearranging electrons
  • CR ? rearranges the electrons in the chemical
    bonds in glucose
  • Glucose is broken down in a series of steps
  • Electrons are removed, energy released is stored
    in ATP
  • Electrons lost from glucose end up in the H-atoms
    of H20

12
Two main groups of reactions
  1. Glycolysis (anaerobic respiration)?energy
    investment
  2. Aerobic Respiration? energy payoff

13
Glycolysis
  • Anaerobic respiration
  • takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell
  • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid

14
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15
Aerobic Respiration
  • Takes place in the mitochondria of cells in two
    stages
  • Krebs Cycle ? matrix of the mitochondria
  • Electron transport chain ?membrane of the
    mitochondria

16
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17
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18
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
(Layer 1)
19
Krebs Cycle
  • Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
  • Each pyruvic acid from glycolysis loses1 CO2
    becomes Acetyl CoA
  • Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle, joins a 4
    carbon molecule, releases 1ATP 2 CO2 molecules
  • Two electron carriers NADH FADH2 trap the
    energy ,the 4 carbon mol. is regenerated

20
Krebs Cycle
21
Krebs Cycle? Summary
22
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
(Layer 2)
23
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
(Layer 3)
24
Electron Transport Chain
  • Final stage of CR? inner membrane of the
    mitochondria
  • Electron carriers NADH FADH2 transfer the
    electrons carrier molecules in the ETC
  • As the electrons move from carrier to carrier,
    energy is released
  • Energy released is used to pump H ions across the
    membrane
  • When these H ions move back through the ATP
    synthase ADP is converted to ATP

25
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
(Layer 3)
26
Electron Transport Chain
  • Not substrate level phosphorylation
  • NADH dumps electrons into the cristae walls which
    contains an electron transport system
  • Members of the ETC? all but one are proteins w/
    cofactor or conenzyme (prosthetic group)
  • Each carrier is more electronegative and lower in
    PE than the previous one

27
Transfer of Electrons
28
Chemiosmosis
  • Takes place in the cristae membrane
  • Energy in NADH FAD
  • Creates a H gradient that becomes a source of PE
    ? used to do cell work

29
Chemiosmosis? Couples ETC to ATP Sythesis
30
ATP Synthase
  • 3 compartments? hydrogen ion pore
  • Rotor
  • Rod
  • Knob
  • Energy of fall causes a change in conformation?
    ADP?ATP
  • 1NADH3ATP
  • 1FADH22ATP

31
Total ATP 38
  • Glycolysis
  • 4 ATP produced, 2 ATP used
  • NET 2ATP
  • Krebs
  • 2 ATP
  • ETC
  • 34 ATP

32
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33
CO2 O2 Cycle
O2
chloroplast
CO2
mitochondria
34
CO2 O2 Cycle
O2
CO2
35
Fermentation
  • Cells in the absence of oxygen ferment sugars and
    other foods
  • The products formed depends on the type of cells
  • Process in used in the food industry to produce
    cheese, yogurt, bread, alcoholic beverages, soy
    sauce sauerkraut

36
Muscle Cells
  • Lactic acid is produced when muscle cells lack
    oxygen
  • Glucose? 2 pyruvic acid? 2 lactic acid
  • Lactic acid causes muscles to ache? stop take
    deep breaths

37
Yeast Cells
  • Alcohol is produced, CO2 is also released
  • Process is used in the beer wine industry
  • Also used in bread making
  • Glucose? 2 pyruvic acid? ethyl alcohol
    (evaporates while baking), CO2 released makes
    bread rise
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