AP Human Geography

1
First Semester Final Exam Review

• AP Human Geography

2
General Info

• AP Human Geo is the study
• of spatial distribution ( the why of where)
• Environmental Determinism (environment
  dictates the success of a civilization)
• Possibilism (a civilization can
  overcome/adjust to a bad environment to become
  successful)
• Superpower military, economic cultural
  dominance (B.R.I.C)

3
Projections

• all maps/projections distort - least amount
  occurs in the center
• Robinson
• (best overall balances distortions)
• Mercator
  (good with direction but
• distorts size/shape)
• Azimuthal
• (polar)
• Equal Area
• (orange peel)

4
Density

• Population/Arithmetic density (population/total
  land area)
• Physiological density (population/arable land)
• Agricultural density
• (population of farmers/arable land)

5
Scale

• How does your house look?
• Large?
• - Large scale covers
• small area great
• detail smaller
• Small?
• - Small scale covers
• large area little
• detail larger

6
Types of Jobs

• Primary Sector (periphery/LDCs)
• - harvests/extract products
• Secondary Sector (semi-periphery)
• - manufactures products
• Service Sector (core/MDCs)
• - provides a service
• 1. Tertiary basic skill set (police,
  teacher, waitress)
• Quaternary finance (insurance, banking, real
• estate, stocks)
• Quinary holds title and makes important
  decisions
• (CEO, PhD, doctors,
  President, Senator)

7
Gathering Information

• Remote Sensing (using satellites)
• - GPS navigation/precise location
• - GIS layered, detailed maps
• Census
• - more accurate, but time consuming and
  expensive
• Survey
• - less accurate (biased), but fast and
  inexpensive
• Field Study
• - consists of interviews and observations
  (qualitative
• data)

8
Location

• Absolute location (doesnt change)
• - precise location determined by lat/long
• Relative location (can change)
• - determined by what is around you
• Site (what you see there)
• - physical characteristics
• Situation
• - relative location

9
Cultural Hierarchy, Etc.

• Cultural trait (specific - individual)
• Cultural complex
• Cultural system
• Cultural region
• Cultural realm (broad - collection)
• Cultural Landscape/Ecology
• human footprint on environment (physical
  environment human interaction with it -
  creations)
• Acculturation (quick, forced change)
• Assimilation (slow, peaceful acceptance)

Coach Staruch Rocks
10
Diffusion

• - the spreading of ideas
• Expansion idea spreads but stays strong in the
• core/hearth
• a. Hierarchal idea spreads through hierarchy
  
• (unequal - top
  down)
• b. Contagious idea spreads from person to
• person
  (equal)
• c. Stimulus idea spreads but is adapted/re-
• mixed (changes)
• Relocation people move and take the idea with
• them
• 3. Migrant idea spreads but dies in the
  core/hearth

11
Population Statistics Formulas

• CBR of live births / total population x 1000
• CDR of deaths / total population x 1000
• NRI CBR CDR ? / 10 (list as )
• PGR CBR CDR net migration ? / 10 (list
  as )
• TFR average of live babies born to a woman
  in her lifetime
• (replacement rate 2.1)
• IMR babies who die before their 1st
  birthday out of
• 1,000 live births
• Dependency Ratio population lt15 and 65
  / working-age population (15-64)
• Life Expectancy years expected to live
  for babies born that year
• Doubling Time of years it takes a
  population to double in size
• (1 70 years)
• Thomas Malthus agriculture determines
  population
• Ester Boserup population determines
  agriculture

12
Demographic Transition Model

• Stage 1 High Stationary (CBR/CDR high - NRI
  low )
• Stage 2 Early Expansion (CBR ? CDR ? - NRI high
  )
• Stage 3 Late Expanding (CBR ? CDR ? - NRI
  medium )
• Stage 4 Low Stationary (CBR/CDR low NRI
  low - 0 )

13
Demographic Transition Model (DTM) Stage 1 High Stationary Stage 2 Early Expansion Stage 3 Late Expanding Stage 4 Low Stationary
CBR () High Remains High Declining Low
CDR () Fluctuating High Declining Low Stays Low
NRI () Low or No High Medium Low, 0 or -
Total Population Slowly Increasing/ Declining or Stationary Growth Rapid Growth Moderate Growth Slowly Increasing/ Declining or Stationary Growth
14
Migration

• Push Factor (emigrate) Pull Factor (immigrate)
• - induces people to leave/come
• Intervening Opportunity Obstacle
• - opportunity (job, love) that convinces /
  physical item that
• forces (mountain, ocean) people to abandon
  step migration
• Counter Migration (involuntary)
• - forced migration in the form of deportation,
  etc.
• Return Migration (voluntary)
• Chain Migration
• - caused by the communication between
  friends/family

15
Pop Culture vs. Folk Culture

• LDCs
• Religious
• We centered
• Small, isolated groups
• Homogeneous groups
• Extended family
• Male dominated
• Slow to change
• Clustered local scale
• Traditional societies w/ little interaction with
  other groups

• MDCs
• Secular
• Me centered
• Large groups of people
• Heterogeneous groups
• Nuclear family
• Womens rights
• Changes quickly
• Dispersed global scale
• Tend to share custom with a large number of people

16
Language

• Literary tradition
• - means of writing (preliterate no written
  language)
• Pidgin
• - mixture of other languages as a means of
• communication (a hybrid, NOT a language -
  Spanglish, Chinglish)
• Creole
• - stable/complex language that developed from a
• pidgin (Gullah)
• Lingua Franca
• - language used when conducting business
  (English or
• Swahili)

A language can be both a creole a lingua
franca
17
Language Classification

• Family ? Branch ? Group ?
• Language ? Dialect (Standard/Vulgar Language)
• 1 Indo-European (Europe, Western Hemisphere,
  India)
• - English, the Romantics, Russian, Hindi, Farsi
• 2 Sino-Tibetan (China, Southeast Asia)
• - Mandarin, Thai
• Afro-Asiatic (North Africa, Middle East)
• - Arabic, Hebrew, Berber
• Niger-Congo (Sub-Saharan Africa)
• - Swahili, Zulu, Yoruba, Ibo
• Austronesian (SE Asia Polynesia)
• - Malay, Javanese, Indonesian, Hawaiian
• Dravidian (Southeast India)
• - Tamil, Telugu

Basque Khoisan are not related to any
language family (mysteries in history)
18
Religion The Basics

• Estimated Religious Population of the World in
  1989

Plurality

Monotheistic
Only change (20)
19
Religious Classifications

• Deism belief in a creator/God who is
• now indifferent God is
  creator only (based on science/reason)
• Theism belief in a God as creator ruler
• Poly Monotheism belief in many Gods
• belief in one God
• Atheism belief that there is no God
  (prefix a no)
• Agnosticism belief that there is no proof
  that there is or isnt a God (no
  knowledge)
• Animism belief that everything has a spirit

20
2011 Fall Semester Students

• STOP STUDYING HERE!

21
General Religion Info

• Hinduism - oldest of the major religions
• Judaism, Christianity Islam Abrahamic/
  monotheistic religions
• Judaism oldest Abrahamic / monotheistic
  religion / smallest of the major religions (.2)
• Christianity largest religion in the world
  (33)
• Islam fastest growing religion in the world

22
Ethnic Religions(a.k.a. cultural religions)

• Do NOT attempt to appeal to all people (often
  revolve
• around local culture/ethnic group)
• Do NOT seek converts/proselytize outside the
  group
• Seasonal holidays / Sacred places found in nature
• Spread through Relocation Diffusion
• Distribution is more clustered/localized
• - some exceptions (Judaism)
• Examples Sioux Inuit (animism),
• Shamanism (traditional), Judaism,
• Hinduism, Shinto, Daoism,
• Confucianism, Jainism Druze

23
Universal Religions

• Claim to have beliefs that appeal to ALL people
  no matter location (usually monotheistic)
• Actively seek converts/proselytize
• More global distribution
• Holidays Sacred Places are often historic
• Spread through Migrant or Expansion Diffusion
  (more so than relocation)
• Examples Christianity, Islam, Buddhism,
  Sikhism,
• Baháí

24
Syncretic Religions

• An intermixing of a major faith and traditional
  cultural elements (usually altering a universal)
• Christianity
• Mixing with Pagan elements
• Emphasis on Virgin Mary in Latin America
• Santeria / Haitian Voodoo
• Sikhism (Islam Hindu)
• Jainism (Hindu ancient asectic)
• Balinese Hinduism (Hindu traditional)
• Zen Buddhism in Japan (Buddhism Shinto)

Acintya
Kyoto