Cardiovascular, Lymphatic

1
Cardiovascular, Lymphatic Respiratory Systems

• Honors Physiology
• Tamalpais High School

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BLOOD

• 45 formed elements
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
• 55 plasma
• Water, aas, proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins,
  hormones, electrolytes cellular waste

Fig 14.1
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Blood Cell Development
Fig. 14.4

• hematopoiesis
• stem cells

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Blood Groups

• ABO blood group is based on the presence or
  absence of the antigen A or antigen B proteins
• If you only have antigen A type A blood.
  Therefore you dont have antigen B, so you have
  antibody B

Fig. 14.21
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Blood Groups Transfusions

• If someone with Type A blood (type A antigens and
  Antibody anti-B) gets a transfusion with Type B
  or AB blood, agglutination occurs

Fig 14.22
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Rh Blood Groups

• Rh antigens on your RBCs
• Rh
• No antigens
• Rh-
• Becomes a problem if a pregnant woman is Rh- and
  the man is Rh WHY??

Fig. 14.23
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Blood and the Heart

• The pulmonary circuit

Fig. 15.1
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Structure of the Heart

• The Pericardium
• Structure
• double wall sac covering the heart
• Function
• protects and anchors
• friction-free environment

Fig. 15.4
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Think Fours!

• 1. Four chambers
• Right and Left Atrium
• Right and Left Ventricles-separating the
  chambers is the septum
• 2. Four Vessels
• Inferior/Superior Vena Cava and Aorta
• Pulmonary Artery and Pulmonary Vein
• 3. Four Valves
• Tricuspid and Bicuspid (Mitral) Valves
• Pulmonary and Aortic Valves

Fig. 15.6
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Following the Path of Blood Through the Heart
Fig. 15.10

• Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood
  to the lungs
• Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to
  the body
• Follow the path through all chambers and vessels!

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Cardiac Conduction System

• Heart contractions occur independently of the
  nervous system
• Sinoatrial node (SA node)
• pacemaker
• The electrical pathway
• SA node? AV node? Right and Left Bundle Branches?
  Purkinje Fibers

Figs 15.21
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The Electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Measures electrical conduction throughout the
  cardiac cycle
• Measures the electrical changes of de- and
  re-polarization
• P wave atrial depolarization
• QRS complex ventricular depolarization
• T wave ventricular repolarization

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Lymphatic System

• Lymph vessels
• transport fluids
• lymph nodes
• filter the fluids
• Carry excess fluids from interstitial tissues
• bring it back to the circulatory system
• Includes cells biochemicals that protect us
  from foreign invaders

Figs 16.1, 16.2 16.4
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Body Defenses Against Infection

• Three step mechanism
• Recognize ? Respond ? Remember!
• Potential results include
• Disease symptoms
• Allergies/allergic reactions/asthma
• Acquired immunity (vaccination)
• Autoimmune diseases
• Organ/tissue rejection

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RECOGNIZE

• Recognition of substances as self or non-self
• Unrecognized antigen
• receptors on lymphocytes (types of WBCs)
  recognize them as foreign so that you can
  attack and kill the invaders

Fig. 16.17
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RESPOND

• Nonspecific Defenses
• General defense systems
• protect against many types of pathogens
• Mechanical barriers (skin, etc), chemical
  barriers (enzymes, etc), fever, inflammation,
  phagocytosis
• Specific Defenses
• Target a certain pathogen
• Aka immunity

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RESPOND cont Specific Defenses

• Cellular (aka Cell Mediated) Immune Response
• Carried out by T cells
• Killer/Cytotoxic T-cells-directly kill invaded
  body cells
• Helper T cells-stimulates production of killer T
  cells and B cells
• Memory T cells- remain to quickly attack if
  invader appears again
• Interact directly with antigen bearing agents to
  destroy them

• Humoral Immune Response
• Antigens trigger immune response by stimulating
  B-cells
• B-cells proliferate into plasma cells
• Plasma cells release antibodies. Antibodies are
  like flags that attach to antigens and say Im
  bad, come and destroy me!
• B-cells also turn into Memory B-cells
• (fig. 16.19)

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REMEMBER

• After an initial exposure, memory T and B cells
  remain
• Memory cells recognize and mount even stronger
  attacks on previously encountered antigens

Fig. 16.21
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The Respiratory System

• Gas (O2/C02) exchange, produces vocal sounds,
  part of sense of smell and regulation of blood pH
• Upper respiratory tract nose, nasal cavity,
  sinuses, pharynx
• Lower respiratory tract larynx, trachea,
  bronchial tree, lungs

Fig. 19.1
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Sinuses

• air cavities in skull
• produce mucus
• lighten the skull
• resonation chamber for speech

Fig. 19.2
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The Bronchial Tree

• Branched airway
• trachea ? alveoli

Fig. 19.12
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Alveoli

• Surrounded by a large capillary network
• connects the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
• large surface area for gas exchange

Fig. 19.14 19.16
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The Mechanics of Ventilation

• Air will ALWAYS flow from where the pressure is
  HIGHER to or toward where the pressure is LOWER
• Airflow is controlled by atmospheric pressure
  (the weight of the air above us)
• At sea level, atmospheric pressure exerts a force
  of 14.7 lbs/in2 or 1 ATM or 760 mmHg

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The Mechanics of Ventilation, cont.

• Diaphragm a muscle that can change the pressure
  in our lungs
• Diaphragm relaxed, pressure in lungs is 760mmHg
• Contract diaphragm (breathe in), intra-alveolar
  pressure decreases to 758mmHg, air is forced in

Fig. 19.23
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Measuring Pulmonary Ventilation

• SPIROMETER
• used to measure ventilation volumes
• We will measure 4 important volumes

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Measuring Pulmonary Ventilation, cont.

• 1. TIDAL VOLUME (TV) the volume of air inhaled
  or exhaled in one breath during normal quiet
  breathing
• 2. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV) the volume
  of air that can be inspired forcefully after a
  normal inspiration

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Measuring Pulmonary Ventilation, cont.

• 3. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV) the volume
  of air that can be expired forcefully after a
  normal expiration
• 4. VITAL CAPACITY (VC) the volume of air that
  can be expired after a forceful inspiration
• (not measured but still important)
• RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV) amount of air remaining in
  the respiratory tract after maximum expiration
• It is there to keep the alveoli inflated
  between breaths and mixes with fresh air on the
  next inspiration

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Measuring Pulmonary Ventilation, cont.
Fig. 19.26
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Nervous System Control of Respiration

• The medulla controls respiration by sending
  impulses to the spinal cord, ? phrenic and
  intercostal nerves ? diaphragm and intercostal
  muscles
• The pons also contains a pneumotaxic center that
  controls breathing rate
• Voluntary control of breathing is also possible.
• The frontal lobe of the cerebrum overrides the
  brainstem!

Fig. 19.28