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Chapter 11Self and Personality
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Personality

• An organized combination of attributes, motives,
  values, and behaviors
• Unique to each individual
• Traits
• consistent across situations and time
• Self-concept perceptions
• Self esteem evaluation
• Identity overall sense of who you are

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Sigmund Freud
• Three parts of the personality
• Selfish Id Rational Ego Moralist Superego
• Stages of psychosexual development
• Biological ends at sexual maturity
• Personality formed in first 5 years
• Child anxieties become adult traits

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Psychosocial Theory

• Erik Erikson
• Emphasized
• Social influences
• Rational ego
• Life-span development
• Crisis-oriented stages result from
• Maturational forces
• Social demands

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Trait Theory

• Psychometric approach
• Personality a set of traits
• Individual differences in each trait
• Measurement approach
• Big Five - Universal and stable
• Evidence of genetic basis
• Universal

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Social Learning Theory

• Personality
• A set of behavior tendencies
• Shaped by interactions
• Found in specific social situations
• No universal stages
• Not enduring traits
• People change as environment changes
• Situational influences important

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Infancy The Emerging Self

• First 6 months Discover physical self
• Joint attention 9 months
• Difference in perceptions can be shared
• Self-recognition 18 months
• Categorical self (age, sex) - 18 24 months
• Based on cognitive development
• Requires social experience
• The looking-glass self a reflection

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Temperament

• Seen in infancy
• Genetically based
• Tendencies to respond in predictable ways
• Building blocks of personality
• Goodness of fit (Thomas Chess)
• Parenting techniques
• Learning to interpret cues
• Sensitive responding

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Early Temperament and Later Personality

• Some weak links found
• Shy 3 yr-olds become cautious teens
• Difficult 3 yr-olds remain difficult
• Well-adjusted 3 yr-olds also
• Current research
• Temperament and Big 5 related
• May carry-over into adulthood

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The Child

• Childhood Self
• By age 2
• Use of I me mine
• Use physical characteristics to describe
• By age 8
• Social identity
• Personality trait terms used
• Social comparison

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Self Esteem Multidimentional

• By 3rd grade (Harter)
• Scholastic competence
• Social acceptance
• Behavioral conduct
• Athletic competence
• Physical appearance
• Accuracy improves with age

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Influences on Self-Esteem

• Competence Differences
• Social feedback positive or negative
• Parents (cross-cultural)
• Warm and democratic
• Enforce clearly stated rules

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A Sense of Identity

• Erikson Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Adolescence
• Identity Crisis
• Moratorium
• Marcias Identity Statuses (next slide)
• Diffusion
• Foreclosure
• Moratorium
• Achieved

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Influences on Identity Formation

• 1. Cognitive growth formal operations
• 2. Relationships with parents
• Rejection except for diffusion status
• Identification w/parents first helps
• Foreclosure may not develop own ID
• Achieved more likely if living independently
• Moratorium -gt Identity Achieved
• Affection and freedom at home

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Influences on Identity 2

• 3. Experiences outside the home
• E.g., going to college
• 4. Broader cultural context
• Modern Western society
• Forge own ID after exploration of many
• Traditional societies
• Foreclosure may be more adaptive
• Vocational identity Ginzberg

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Self-Concept and Aging

• Stable self-esteem generally good
• Ability to adjust ideal to real self
• Evaluate self with different standards
• Comparisons with age-mates
• Related to stable personality traits
• Collectivist vs Individualistic culture

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Adulthood Erikson and Research

• Men Identity then Intimacy
• Women Identity Intimacy together
• Generativity supported
• Integrity supported
• Life review
• Path to adulthood
• EE Eight stages of Development

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Midlife Crisis

• Stereotype
• Painful self-evaluation
• Dramatic life changes
• Desire to regain youth
• Erikson Not really
• Levinson questioning Life Structure
• Most evidence for trait stability not change

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Vocational Development

• Young adults career exploration
• 1982 average man held 7 jobs between ages 18 and
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• Women fewer children better career
• Career peaks in 40s
• Define self by their work
• Person/environment fit important

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Older Workers and Retirement

• Older workers competent and satisfied
• Selective optimization and compensation
• Retirement phases
• Preretirement Planning
• Honeymoon Novelty of lifestyle w/o work
• Disenchantment Feel aimless, unhappy
• Reorientation Realistic, satisfying lifestyle
• Activity vs. Disengagement theories