Introduction to Motivation

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Introduction to Motivation

• Module 11 Motivation

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Motivation

• A need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior toward a goal

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Historic Explanations Instincts

• Module 11 Motivation

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Instinct

• A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is
  rigidly patterned throughout a species
• William James listed 37 instincts.
• Difficulty using instincts to both label and
  explain behaviors

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Historic Explanations Drives

• Module 11 Motivation

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Drives

• Aroused tension states created by imbalances
• Prompt an organism to restore the balance,
  typically reducing the drive
• Part of drive-reduction theory

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Drive-Reduction Theory

• The idea that a physiological need creates an
  aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an
  organism to satisfy the need
• Eating and drinking are examples of
  drive-reducing behaviors.

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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Drive-Reduction Theory
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Biological Explanations Arousal Theories

• Module 11 Motivation

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Arousal

• Levels of alertness and responsiveness

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

• The theory that a degree of psychological arousal
  helps performance, but only up to a certain point
• Optimum level of arousal depends on the
  difficulty of the task.
• Each person has an optimum level of stimulation
  they like to maintain.

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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Biological Explanations Homeostasis

• Module 11 Motivation

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Homeostasis

• A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
  internal state
• The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry,
  such as blood glucose, around a particular level
• Any change in levels, up or down, results in
  being motivated to bring the level back to normal.

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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Cognitive Explanations Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Motivation

• Module 11 Motivation

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Extrinsic Motivation

• A desire to perform a behavior because of
  promised rewards or threats of punishment

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Intrinsic Motivation

• A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
  and to be effective

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Clinical Explanations Hierarchy of Needs

• Module 11 Motivation

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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

• Humanistic psychologist who developed the
  hierarchy of needs

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Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslows pyramid of human needs begins at the
  base with physiological needs, and then proceeds
  through safety needs to psychological needs.
• Higher-level needs wont become active until
  lower-level needs have been satisfied.

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Self-Actualization

• According to Maslow, the need to live up to ones
  fullest and unique potential

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
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Clinical Explanations Achievement

• Module 11 Motivation

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Henry Murray (1893-1988)

• Neo-Freudian who first established the concept of
  achievement motivation

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Achievement Motivation

• A desire for significant accomplishment
• A desire for the mastery of things, people, or
  ideas
• A desire for attaining a high standard

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Clinical Explanations Motivating Ourselves and
Others

• Module 11 Motivation

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Developing Self Motivation

• Associate your high achievement with positive
  emotions
• Connect your achievement with your efforts
• Raise your expectations

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Motivating Others

• Cultivate intrinsic motivation
• Attend to individual motives
• Set specific, challenging goals
• Choose an appropriate leadership style
• Task leadership
• Social leadership

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Task Leadership

• Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards,
  organizes work, and focuses attention

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Social Leadership

• Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork,
  mediates conflict, and offers support

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Leadership and Persuasion

• Play The Power of Persuasion (1117) Segment
  29 from Scientific American Frontiers Video
  Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd
  edition).

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Hunger A Closer Look

• Module 11 Motivation

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Physiology of Hunger

• Module 11 Motivation

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Glucose

• Form of sugar which circulates through the body
• One feels hunger when the levels become low.

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Insulin

• Hormone which allows the body to use glucose for
  energy or fat production
• As insulin levels increase, glucose levels
  decrease.

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Leptin

• Protein produced by bloated fat cells
• Send a message to stop eating

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Orexin

• Hunger-triggering hormone
• Produced by the hypothalamus
• As glucose levels drop, orexin levels increase
  and person feels hungry

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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

• The bodys resting rate of energy expenditure

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Set Point

• The point at which an individuals weight
  thermostat is supposedly set.
• When the body falls below this weight, increased
  hunger and a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) may
  act to restore the lost weight.

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Set Point
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Environment and Hunger

• Module 11 Motivation

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External Incentives

• Include the sight, sound, and smell of food

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Cultural Influences on Eating

• Cultural views on obesity can vary
• Culture influences the foods we like and dislike.

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Eating Disorders

• Module 11 Motivation

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Anorexia Nervosa

• An eating disorder in which normal weight people
  suffer delusions of being overweight
• Usually in adolescent females
• May put themselves on self-starvation regimens
• May become dangerously underweight

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Bulimia Nervosa

• An eating disorder characterized by episodes of
  overeating
• Usually overeat high calorie foods
• Overeating is followed by vomiting, using
  laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise

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The End